Monday 30 January 2012

drbalrajvishnoi: Chanakya : maker of Chandragupt & united India (4...

drbalrajvishnoi


AAJ KI RAAJNEETT KI SIYASAT AVAM Gandhiji ke Bharat ko dekh ke mahsoos hota hai ki " INDIA needs kautilya /Sardar patel to save division of political power & society.

1 Sanskrit treatise – Arthshashtra is a
science denotes acquisition & protec...

Chanakya : maker of Chandragupt & united India

Chanakya : maker of Chandragupt & united India
                                          
Dr  Balraj Bishnoi

1 Sanskrit treatise – Arthshashtra is a science denotes acquisition & protection of the means of livelihood & how to carry these activities. Deals with political statecraft i.e. a) principles of public administration. B) machinery of government  c)economic policy d)military strategy and personnel. (51)  
2 The objectives a) Palana ,  refers to administration & protection of state & b) Labha ,is a conquest & acquisition of territory. (20)
3 Arthshashtra is divided into 15 books/adhikaranas. 4 books relates with pattern of P.A. i.e. 1st , 2nd . 5th , & 6th . half of arthshashtra devoted to strategies & tactics of defense & foreign policy.1st book- relation of the king with ministers, princes, envoys & spies. 2nd book – entitled “Duties of the Government superintendent  deals with the department .
4 Matsyanyaya-“ Law of the fish “ , according to which bigger fish swallows the smaller one thus people agreed to pay taxes (1/6th grains, 1/10th of merchandise & gold)to get security & prosperity under one rule. A king favour like Indra & Yama.
5 Nature of duties , according to arthshashtra administrator must possess science of public administration. Kautilya exorts a prince to study the science of Artha (economics) under government superintendents and science of Dandaniti (the science of government) under politicians.
6 Saptanga theory – it is essential organ /seven prakritis (states) as following :
a)      The ruler /swamin
 b)      The amatya / minister eg priest , teacher, P.M. & TREASURER  and collector general etc.
 c)        Janapada /population – their existence is to be understood by implication in reference to janapada.
 d)      Durga /fortified capital : 4 types 1) audik-surrounded on all sides by water 2) parvat – which is in centre of hills 3) dhanvan- lies in desert and 4) van-durga- situated in forest.
 e)      Kosha /treasury –state treasury is permanent source of revenue & king is advised 1/6th part of the produced with sufficient currency & gold /minerals.
 f)       Danda / army- army versed in military arts with loyality & patriotism.
 g)      Mitra/ ally & friend      
 Ø  Principles of administration (regulate the working of machinery of the Government) :
1         Principle of authority, obedience  and discipline, of duty & interest & of responsibility
And  of responsibility  (Sovereignty ) .
2         principle of division of labour , of coordination , of separation , of speciality , of hierarchy & of equity.  ( actual method of work of administration).
 Ø  Kautilya identifies 5 elements of administration :
1         The means of starting undertakings
2         The excellance of man & material
3         Appointment of place & ttime
4         Provision against failure   AND
5         Accomplishment of the work
Ø  Fear, duty & interest are among a no. of motives behind the act of obedience for the order of administration (arthshashtra). The motive of fear “ the life of man ……………………life in fire…..
Ø  The purpose of Danda , the symbol of authority is to make people righteousness & work productive of wealth & enjoyments.
Ø  Important offices of the state :  Kautilya categorises them into 18 tirthas:
Eg 1 prasastr – magistrate, samahartr- collector general, samnidhatr-chief treasurer, pradestr-commissioner, ativahika- officer incharge , forest. Etc…
                                                                   ...............................part 1 



Monday 16 January 2012

drbalrajvishnoi: America's economy :Time for a double dip ?

drbalrajvishnoi: America's economy :Time for a double dip ?: DR Balraj bishnoi The American leaders at last ended a ludicrously irresponsible bout of fiscal brinkmanship, removing the threat of global...

America's economy :Time for a double dip ?

DR Balraj bishnoi
 The American leaders at last ended a ludicrously irresponsible bout of fiscal brinkmanship, removing the threat of global financial Armageddon by agreeing to raise the federal debt ceiling. Yet far from heaving a sigh of relief, investors are nervous. Stockmarkets around the world have tumbled. The debt deal was signed, the S&P 500 index saw its biggest one-day fall in over a year, and yields on ten-year Treasury bonds dropped to 2.6%, their lowest level in 2011.
It is not all to do with America: the euro zone is a mess and manufacturing everywhere seems to be slowing. But America’s prospects have suddenly darkened. Statistical revisions and some grim new figures have revealed a weaker-than-assumed recovery that has all but ground to a halt. Once stalled, an economy can easily tip back into recession, particularly if it is hit by a new shock—as America’s is about to be, thanks to a hefty dose of fiscal tightening made worse by the debt deal. The odds of a double dip over the coming year are uncomfortably high, perhaps as high as 50%. Recovery from a balance-sheet recession was always bound to be sluggish. its woes need not fell the world economy, thanks to the strength of emerging markets . But the thoughtlessness of the debt deal—notably its failure to tackle any of the real sources of America’s fiscal problems, such as entitlement spending—raises a bigger worry. Can the country’s politicians, so starkly polarised and so willing to gamble with the economy, be trusted not to turn what was always an inevitable period of hardship into longer-term stagnation?
Begin with the state of the recovery. America’s government statisticians published revisions to the past few years of GDP statistics. They showed that the 2008 recession was deeper than first thought, and the subsequent recovery flatter. Output has not yet regained its pre-recession peak. And the feeble recovery is petering out. Over the past year output has grown by a mere 1.6%, well below what most economists consider to be the economy’s underlying growth rate, and a pace that has in the past almost always been followed by recession. Over the past six months the United States has eked out annualised growth of merely 0.8%. Even observers who, like us, had expected America to bounce along near the bottom for a while had not expected growth to be this low.                                                                                        Temporary factors have played some role for these circumstances like soaring oil prices crimped consumer spending. The Japanese earthquake disturbed supply chains. In some industries, notably car production, a rebound is plainly under way. But the overall economy is now so weak that it would take a lot to get growth up to a reasonable rate. And there are some signs that the temporary shocks may have left a more lasting dent on the psyche of firms and shoppers. That is why the newest figures are so disconcerting. Consumer spending fell  consumer confidence slumped along with manufacturer orders slowdown previosly. These are early, incomplete, snapshots, but the chances of a double dip today in 2012 seems relatively less.If such circumstances occur then American politicians will be blamed for this and prescription for a weak economy is a large slug of austerity.
                                    Most importantly it is thankfull to the expiry of a payroll-tax credit and extended jobless benefits , USA is on course for a fiscal contraction of some 2% of GDP at present & the biggest of any large economy and enough to drag a weak economy into recession.The debt deal, which implies only modest new spending cuts in the short term, is not directly responsible for this. But Congress could, and should, have stopped this potentially ruinous trajectory. There was a deal to be had: keep up spending in the short term, with a stress on much-needed infrastructure investment, as well as extending the temporary tax cuts, in exchange for a big medium-term reduction in the deficit, centred on entitlements and tax reform. Congress did precisely the opposite, failing to support the economy now and failing to find enough cuts over the next decade to stabilise America’s debt. Any hard decisions have been given to a commission that condemns workers and firms to more crippling uncertainty about how the country’s fiscal mess will be tackled. if taxes had to rise eventually than how.... but no idea.
Needfully ? used default successfully as a political strategy.The refusal to compromise, rapidly becoming a point of honour for both parties, is wreaking damage elsewhere, partially shutting down the Federal Aviation Administration and postponing trade bills. At best, the politicians will have slowed a sputtering expansion; at worst they will have killed off the recovery and inflicted lasting harm on the world’s most impressive prosperity machine.
Obama or one of his Republican challengers may yet discover the courage to tell the truth about the American economy in upcoming presidential election. Institution with the power to avert danger is the Federal Reserve. With interest rates so low, that means more quantitative easing. Printing more money is justifiable in the circumstances, but still a tool offering diminishing returns. Fiscal help would have been much better BUT problem of inflation due to non-propotional dem,and-supply may be at risk. USA managed to avoid recession and it is a testimony of its strengths.  U.S. economy hugely advantages over other rich nations due to following strong reason: a) younger, less-taxed population, b) a more innovative economy and c) strength of the dollar as the world's reserve currency.

Sunday 8 January 2012

एकीकृत सहकारी विकास परियोजनाएं (Role of NCDC in initiation ICDP)


एकीकृत सहकारी विकास परियोजनाएं (Role of NCDC in initiation ICDP)

Dr. Balraj Bishnoi

     ''एकीकृत सहकारी विकास परियोजना (आईसीडीपी) स्कीम'' 1985-86 में शुरु की गई थी । इसके उद्देश्य निम्न प्रकार से हैं:-
1 प्राथमिक कृषि ऋण समितियों को बहु-उद्देश्यक आत्मनिर्भर संस्थाओं के रुप में विकसित करना
  संबद्घ क्षेत्र की सहकारिताओं का विकास करना; और सहकारिताओं के बीच सक्षम कार्यात्मक संपर्क विकसित करना ।
     सहकारिताओं के विकास हेतु एक क्षेत्र विकास संकल्पना अपनाई गई है । स्थानीय संसाधनों और आवश्यकताओं के मद्देनजर चुने हुए पूरे जिले के लिए एक विस्तृत परियोजना तैयार की जाती है । परियोजना का कार्यान्वयन एक जिला स्तरीय सहकारी संस्था, सामान्यत: जिला सैंट्रल कोआपरेटिव बैंक द्वारा किया जाता है । परियोजना कार्यान्वयन में जि0सै0कोप0 बैंक की सहायता करने हेतु समितियों के लिए व्यवसाय विकास योजना तैयार करने, समितिवार ढांचागत और अन्य आवश्यकताओं का आकलन करने और तदनुसार सहायता मुहैया कराने हेतु जिला स्तर पर एक  परियोजना कार्यान्वयन टीम (पीआईटी) का गठन किया जाता है । प्रणाली और प्रक्रियाओं को कारगर बनाया जाता है और कार्य लागत को प्रभावी बनाने हेतु सक्षम कार्यात्मक संपर्क स्थापित किये जाते हैं ।
            प्रबंधकीय दक्षता - सहकारिताओं के कार्मिको को आवश्यक प्रशिक्षण मुहैया कराया जाता है । कार्य पर पीआईटी कार्मिक प्रशिक्षण और मार्गदर्शन मुहैया कराते हैं । बेहतर ढंग से कार्य करने और सहकारिताओं के कार्य में सुधार करने हेतु प्राथमिक सहकारिताओं के वेतनभोगी स्टाफ को प्रोत्साहित किये जाने के लिए स्कीम में एक प्रोत्साहन घटक भी है।
        वित पोषित -रा.स.वि.नि. आईसीडीपी परियोजनाओं को राज्य सरकार के माध्यम से वित पोषित करता है । परियोजना का वित पोषण दो शीर्षो - i) ऋण और  ii) सब्सिडी के तहत दिया जाता है । ऋण गोदाम, बैंकिंग काउंटरों, परिवहन वाहनों, लघु प्रसंस्करण यूनिटों आदि के लिए और शेयर कैपिटल के सुदृढ़ीकरण/समितियों के कारोबार में संवर्धन हेतु मार्जिन मनी मुहैया कराने जैसी ढांचागत सुविधाओं के लिए मुहैया कराया जाता है । सब्सिडी परियोजना कार्यान्वयन, परियोजना तैयारी की लागत, जनशक्ति विकास और प्रशिक्षण, मानीटरिंग और प्रोत्साहनों के लिए मुहैया कराई जाती है ।
        सब्सिडी घटक कुल परियोजना लागत के 30% तक प्रतिबंधित है और रा.स.वि.नि. और राज्य सरकार द्वारा 50:50 के अनुपात में वहन की जाती है । विशेष राज्यों के मामले में समस्त सब्सिडी घटक रासविनि द्वारा मुहैया कराया जाता है । विशेष श्रेणी के राज्य पूर्वोत्तर राज्य, सिक्किम, हिमाचल प्रदेश, जम्मू और कश्मीर और उत्तराचंल है ।
        परियोजना अवधि 5 वर्ष है जिसके दौरान इसकी नियमित तौर पर मानीटरिंग की जाती है । उन राज्यों में जहां परियोजनायें संख्या में 2 से अधिक होती है राज्य की सभी परियोजनाओं की मानीटरिंग करने हेतु राज्य स्तर पर एक मानीटरिंग सैल का सृजन किया जाता है ।
2. भारत सरकार की स्कीम के साथ सामंजस्य किये जाने का विवरण
           भारत सरकार या राज्य सरकार की विभिन्न स्कीमों के अन्तर्गत अनुदान/सब्सिडी का परियोजना कार्यान्वयन समय पर परियोजना कार्यान्वयन एजेंसी/टीम द्वारा आईसीडीपी के साथ सामंजस्य किया जाता हे । उस सीमा में रासविनि ऋण सहायता कम कर दी जाती है ।
3. वर्ष  2004 तक मुहैया कराई गई रा.स.वि.नि. की सहायता
    1306.01 करोड रुपये की परियोजना लागत के साथ कुल 161 परियोजनायें मंजूर की गई थीं इसमें रा.स.वि.नि. का ऋण के रुप में 1048.68 करोड रुपये और 156.38 करोड रुपये सब्सिडी के रुप में अंश शामिल था । कुल विमुक्त की गई सहायता में 640.94 करोड रुपये ऋण के रुप में और 84.81 करोड रुपये सब्सिडी के रुप में है । उपर्युक्त सब्सिडी सहायता के अतिरिक्त 60.50 लाख रुपये प्रशिक्षण के लिए और 11.725 लाख रुपये परियोजना के प्रभाव अध्ययनों/आवधिक समीक्षा हेतु भी विमुक्त किये गये ।
4. पात्रता, मानदंड और प्रक्रिया
      सहकारिताओं के विकास हेतु स्कीम के अंतर्गत क्षेत्र आधारित संकल्पना अपनाई जाती है । संबंधित राज्य सरकार की संस्तुति पर एक जिले का चयन किया जाता है । उसके बाद राज्य सरकार के अधिकारियों की एक बहु-विधा वाली टीम द्वारा अथवा राज्य सरकार द्वारा रा.स.वि.नि. के अनुमोदन से नियुक्त बाहरी परामर्श संगठन द्वारा एक प्रारुप परियोजना रिपोर्ट तैयार की जाती है । प्रारुप परियोजना रिपोर्ट पर विचार किया जाता है और प्रथम जिला स्तरीय समन्वय समिति द्वारा विचार किया जाता है और उसके बाद राज्य स्तरीय समन्वय समिति द्वारा अनुमोदन किया जाता है । उसके बाद मसौदा परियोजना रिपोर्ट की राज्य सरकार द्वारा संस्तुत कर रासविनि को मंजूरी हेतु भेजी जाती है । परियोजना का कार्यान्वयन रा.स.वि.नि. के परामर्श से राज्य सरकार द्वारा चुनी हुई एक परियोजना कार्यान्वयन एजेंसी (पी.आई.ए.), सामान्य तौर पर जिला सैंट्रल कोआपरेटिव बैंक द्वारा किया जाता है । परियोजना कार्यान्वयन एजेंसी की विशेष तौर पर सृजित टीम ''परियोजना कार्यान्वयन टीम'' (पी.आई.टी.) द्वारा व्यवसाय विकास योजना की तैयारी करने, समितिवार आवश्यकताओं को आकलन करने और परियोजना का कार्यान्वयन करने और मानीटरिंग करने में सहायता की जाती है । विकास हेतु सक्षमता रखने वाली सभी समितियों को परियोजना के अंतर्गत सहायता प्रदान की जाती है ।
5. रा.स.वि.नि./NCDC की सहायता का प्रभाव
    परियोजनाओं ने जिलों  के ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में आवश्यक ढांचे के सृजन में सहायता की है । परियोजनाओं के अंतर्गत प्राथमिक समिति स्तर पर मि0टन की गोदाम क्षमता का सृजन किया गया है, इसके अतिरिक्त ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में जमा एकत्रण हेतु और ग्रामीण सहकारिताओं द्वारा मिनी बैंकिंग शुरु किये जाने हेतु  स्ट्रांग रुम/लाकर्स और जमा काउंटर भी स्थापित किये गये हैं । कृषि के मशीनीकरण हेतु सहकारिताओं को ट्रैक्टर और अन्य कृषि औजार भी मुहैया कराये गये हैं ।
* परियोजनाओं के अंतर्गत सहायता प्रदत्त पैक्स की सदस्यता में 1.08% से 8.73% तक के बीच औसत वार्षिक वृद्घि देखी गई है । परियोजना अवधि के दौरान पैक्स की अंशपूंजी 4.15% वार्षिक से बढक़र 36.76% हो गई है ।  परियोजना अवधि के दौरान ऋण कार्य 22.58% वार्षिक से बढक़र 82.86% हो गये हैं । प्राथमिक सहकारिताओं को मुहैया कराये गये डिपाजिट काउंटरों के परिणामस्वरुप परियोजना अवधि के दौरान ग्रामीण जमा एकत्रण 19.40% से बढक़र 149% हो गई ।
 पैक्स के गैर-ऋण कारोबार में 5.27% से 30-32% के बीच वार्षिक वृद्घि हुई है । पैक्स के उपभोक्ता कारोबार में भी 5.27% से 40.65% के बीच वार्षिक वृद्घि हुई है । परियोजना अवधि के दौरान पैक्स के शुद्घ लाभ में 12.60% से 53.41% तक की वृद्घि हुई है 1  विपणन समितियों के कारोबार में 5% से 17.86% तक की वृद्घि हुई है । परियोजना अवधि के दौरान हथकरघा समितियों के कारोबार में  0.94% से 56.4% की वृद्घि हुई है ।
             "LONG LIVE COOPERATIVES WITH MOTTO OF ONE FOR ALL & ALL FOR ONE" 
                       

Friday 6 January 2012

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW : Status & repurcussion in India with comparitive perspective. to France , USA & UK. ...............1




Dr Balraj Bishnoi

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW is the fruit of welfare state and relating to public powers of the Government. It is the rule of law promulgated by an executive department & is the form of delegated legislation(framed by subordinate law makers/bodies) &describes the nature of the activity of the government in action & consider to be law relating to public administration. It denotes country’s legal system and determines legal status and responsibilities of private person in their dealings with state officials. French term “droit administrative”expess better deal more than administrative law & its acceptance i.e. doctrine of separation of power as well as disputes of public & officials.
               
Dicey defines administrtive law as “the portion of country’s legal system which determines the liabilities &legal status of state officials , defining the rights a& liabilities of private person in dealing with public officials and specifies the procedure by which rights and liabilities are enforced”.        
Exclusions :1 public corporation & several administrative authorities. Dicey’s definition is concerned with one aspect of adm.law i.e. Judicial Control of public officials.                    According to Jenning, “Administrative law” is related to administration and determines the organization, powers and duties of administrative authorities (“The law of constitution, 1959). K.C.Davis elaborated jenning’s definition , aspect“administrative law is the law concerning the powers & procedures of administrative agencies including especially the law governing judicial review of administrative action. Proff.Wade remarks “ Administrativec law is concerned with the operation & control of the administrative authorities with emphasis on functions rather than on structure.
According to proff. Griffith & street , 3 questions mainly concerned with administrative law:
1 What sort of powers does the administration exercise?
2 What are the limits of those powers?
3 What are the the ways in which the administration is kept within those limits?
               It can be precise that A.Law deals with the QUASI-LEGISLATIVE & QUASI-JUDICIAL powers of the administrative authorities & their executive powers and their control.                 
    
   Breifly , administrative law is a study of different powers of administrative authorities & their control. Power of administrative authorities can be studied under following heads:
1) Legislative rule making
2) Judicial or Adjudicative and
3) Purely executive power.
     
K.C.Davis says, that, “Administrative law is the law limited to law concerning powers,procedures of administrative agencies,including especially the law governing judicial review of administrative action.
        The scope of Administrative law in INDIA: It is similar to USA. It deals with ways & means to keep the multifarious powers of administrative authorities under control and is the method of to prevent the growth of an autocratic rule by administrative authorities& provides safeguard against “new despotism”(lord Hewart).

PURPOSE of Administrative Law- It deals with:
1 what kind of powers does the administration exercise?
2 what procedures do administrative authorities follow in the exercise of the powers of the administration?
ill
4 what are the ways in which the administration is kept within those limitations?
And
5 what remedies are available to the individual against the illegal actions o administration? (grifith & street, principles of administrative law,p.4.)
      Thus administrative law is concerned with Judicial control of administrative powers.

Main causes for the growth of Administrative Law:

1 Stress & emphasis on public welfare activities of the state.
Modern states assumed the role of the welfare state and proliferation of administrative powers & functions.
2 Industralization and urbanization in modern era.
To fulfill the responsibilities due to Indus… & urban… consequences, administration needfully provided with legislative powers & were delegated to the administration.
3Administrative interference in the public life.            Too much power give rise to corruption & misuse or abuse of power and negates people rights, democratic process & rule of law.     
4 Technological development …and consequence probems
  There arise need for cheap remedial justice.
 5 Speedy & simple mode of adjudication.
 6 Decentralization of economic resources& to ensure social & economic justice
 In order to secure economic justice the state shall take necessary steps
        Mr ramaswami stated that “the administrative authority interferes in all domains of social & economic life, in the fields of industry,commerce…..From the constitution standpoint,there is a largescale delegation of legislative & judicial powers to administrative agencies.
 Functions of the administrative law:
1finding the ways in which administration should be kept within limit.
2 the democratic safeguards to be ensured
3 keeps powers of the government within their legal bounds to protect citizens against the abuse.
4 stops tendency to be misused which results in maladministration.
5 It substitutes rule of law in place of absolute discretion.
 Principle sources of Administrative Law:
1 Constitution of India
Article 32 –it extends protection against infringement of
Article 226- it confers powers on the high court to provide   appropriate remedies in cases of violation of FR or legal rights by any administrative or quasi-judicial action.        Article 136 confers special jurisdiction upon the supreme court to grant leave to special appeal against any judicial or quasi-judicial order or decision. Article 299 has fixed contractual liability and article 300 provides for the tortial liability of the government both the articles(299&300) permit action for damages against the government for any breach of contract or wrongful act.
Article 311 gives protection against any indisciplinary actions by their superior authorities.
2 Acts & Statutes-Most of the powers derived from these and delegated legislation also works to be potential source of functions and powers.      
3 Judicial decisions: K.C.Davis, most of administrative law is judge made law in USA.
Relation between administrative law & constitutional law:
Indian constitution is a written thus relation is distinct & constitution stands foremost besides statutes,precedents & 
Statutary instruments.
In India both administrative &executive acts are secured:
                                                    …………to be continue