Terrorism.-(alkayeda).Salute to americans for initiative to kill laden continue........ 2

vy&dk;nk

    ^vy&dk;nk* ,d vjch 'kCn gS ftldk fgUnh esa vFkZ gksrk gS & cqfu;kn ;k vk/kkj] bldh LFkkiuk vxLr] 1988 esa o"kZ 1989 ds vUr ds chp ekuh tkrh gSA blds usVodZ esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkSj ns’kfoghu nksuksa rjg ds yM+kds 'kkfey gSa tks fd iwjh nqfu;k esa dV~VjiaFkh lqUuh vkUnksyu ^tsgkn* dks QSyk jgs gSaA vy&dk;nk dh lksp gS fd eqfLye ns’kksa esa fons’kh ;k vU; ns’kksa dk dksbZ n[ky ugha gksuk pkfg,A os nqfu;k ds eqfLye ns’kksa dk ,d vyx laxBu [kM+k djuk pkgrs gSa] tgka dsoy 'kjh;r dk dkuwu pysA

    vy&dk;nk vHkh rd Ng cM+s geyksa dks vatke ns pqdk gS] buesa ls pkj vesfjdk ds f[kykQ gSA izR;sd ekeys esa laxBu us dbZ lky igys iwjh ;kstuk cukbZ] gfFk;kjksa vkSj foLQksVks dks tqVk;kA geys esa 'kkfey yksxksa dks lqjf{kr iukgxkj nsus ds fy, dbZ QthZ O;kikfjd izfr"Bku 'kq: fd, x,] igpku Nqikdj edku vkfn fy, x,A     29 fnlEcj] 1992 dks vy&dk;nk us vius igys geys dks vatke fn;kA vnu] ;eu esa nks /kekds fd, x,A igyk ce ^ewosuihd gksVy* vkSj nwljk ^xksYMeksgj* gksVy esa yxk;k x;kA 1993 oYMZ VªsM lsaVj cedk.M o"kZ 1993 esa U;w;kdZ 'kgj ds oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ij ,d cM+k geyk fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa foLQksVksa ls Hkjs ,d Vªd dks bl bekjr ls Vdjk fn;k x;k FkkA bl geys esa Ng yksx ekjs x,] 1042 ?kk;y gq, vkSj lEifÙk dks Hkkjh uqdlku gqvkA

vDVwcj 2000 vDVwcj] 2000 esa vy&dk;nk ds vkardokfn;ksa us ;eu esa ,d vesfjdh felkbZyjks/kh tgkt ij vkRe?kkrh geyk fd;kA blesa 17 vesfjdh lSfud ekjs x, FksA                       11 flrEcj] 2001--11 flrEcj dh ?kVuk vesfjdh bfrgkl esa lcls u`’kal vkardoknh ?kVuk Fkh ftlesa 3000 ls vf/kd yksx ekjs x, FksA vydk;nk us pkj ;k=h foekuksa dk vigj.k dj muesa ls nks dks oYMZ VªsM VkWoj ls Vdjk fn;kA ,d dks isaVkxu vkSj ,d dks isaflYosfu;k ds eSnku esa tkucw>dj fxjk fn;kA bl geys esa vesfjdk dh le`f) ds izrhd oYMZ VªsM Vkoj ds nksuksa cqtZ fxjdj [kkd gks x,A 

Terrorism........... continue........ 1

Hkkjr esa lfØ; izeq[k vkardoknh laxBu

1-  fgtcqy eqtkfgnhu

    d'ehj esa lfØ; vkardoknh xqVksa esa fgTc lcls cM+k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds vykok dbZ vU; ns’kksa ds vkardoknh Hkh 'kkfey gSA bldk mn~ns’; tsds,y,Q vFkkZr~ tEew&d’ehj fycjs’ku ÝaV dh c<+rh yksdfiz;rk dks jksduk Fkk tks d’ehj dh vktknh dh ckr djrk FkkA

2-  y’dj&,&rS;ck ;k tekr&mn&nkok

    o"kZ 1985 esa gkfQt eksgEen lbZn us ykgkSj esa ;g laxBu cuk;kA 26@11 eqEcbZ ce foLQksV djok;k] 29 vDVwcj] 2005 dks fnYyh esa dbZ /kekds djok,] 7 ekpZ] 2006 dks okjk.klh esa ce foLQksV rFkk eqEcbZ iqfyl ds vuqlkj 7@11 ds lhfj;y /kekds Hkh y’dj dk "kM;a= Fkk ftlesa 200 ls vf/kd yksx ekjs x, FksA

3-  tS’k&,&eksgEen

   ekSykuk elwn vtgj us o"kZ 2000 esa ;g laxBu cuk;kA ;g laxBu o"kZ 2001 esa Hkkjrh; laln ij geys esa fyIr jgkA

4-  gjdr&my&tsgkn&vy&bLykeh

   bl vkardoknh laxBu dk xBu o"kZ 1984 esa QStyqj jgeku [kyhy vkSj dSjh lsQqYyk v[rj }kjk fd;k x;kA bldh izeq[k vkardoknh ?kVuk,a gSa & t;iqj lhfj;y CykLV 2008] y[kuÅ] QStkckn] okjk.klh /kekds] vtesj njxkg CykLV vkfnA

iwoksZÙkj esa vkardokn

    iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa] fo’ks"k :Ik ls vle] ukxkyS.M] fetksje vkSj f=iqjk esa yxkrkj c<+ jgh fgald okjnkrsa vkSj vyxkookn fpark ds fo"k; gSaA ;gk¡ lfØ; vf/kdka’k laxBu vius fy, vyx jkT; ( {ks=h; Lok;rrk esa o`f) vkSj lEizHkwrk dh ekax dj jgs gSaA tSls vlkse esa mYQk vkSj cksMks vkardokn A

Segnificance of e-Governance in Development of Rajasthan

 Dr Balraj Bishnoi Rajasthan Government undertook various measures in introducing IT in various departments of the state during last 7 years.The people of Rajasthan are the prime priority for the government and the state is committed to provide them with better governance. The idea is of SMART (Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent) governance.  In the last one year fast inroads have been made in the area of expansion of e-mitra project, Rajasthan State Wide Area Network (RSWAN) local area network in Secretariat (SecLAN), creation of State Data Centre (SDC) and projects have been initiated with a view to implement the e-governance system effectively. Computerization of procedures in different departments are also being done for e-governance. Projects are in progress in all sectors which are directly associated with common man like the Revenue, Police, Medical and Health, Education, Power and PHED departments. The common man is also being provided respite and facilitating environment through Lok Mitra services. Decision has also been taken to set up knowledge corridor and knowledge park with a view to promote investment in information and technology sector in the state.
 Computer education is being imparted in schools and colleges and more and more I.T. institutes are being opened in the State. Similarly, Information technology is adding new dimensions in technical education and the state is taking new strides in optical fiber communication. Leading companies of business processing outsourcing industry (B.P.O.) are looking to Rajasthan for investment. The State Government is also providing land on concessional basis on services connected with Information technology.
 Major Policy Decisions 
The State Government has taken major policy decisions to give a new facelift to the Information and Technology sector. The following initiatives have been taken to make the process success:
Upto 3% of the state's paln outlay would be invested in IT
All revenue earning departments are to be fully networked and computerized.
Each of 32 Districts will have an integrated IT centers to out-source the private sector
Introduction of IT at all points of contact between the citizen and the government
Internet connectivity to all panchayat Head Quaters
The State Secretariat to have a state-of-the-art computer network to provide a seamless integration among the state wide value added network.
Government would establish frame work contracts with leading & reputed IT service Providers.
 The State Government has also announced to reformulate the I.T. policy of the state that is specifically capable of synergizing with prevailing and emerging technologies and economic trends.
Expansion of e-Mitra Project 
In its endeavour to fulfill people's aspirations, to bring about effectiveness and efficiency in the administration and to ensure good governance to the people, the services being provided by the 'Lok Mitra and Jan Mitra' centres in urban and rural areas shall be provided under the project E-Mitra integrated (Lok Mitra and 'Jan Mitra). The Mitra project would empower citizens through greater access to Government information and would act as an instrument for providing Right to information. The integrated E-Mitra software is in advance stage of development and the 'Lok Mitra' system has been made operational in Udaipur and Bikaner. Three more extension counters of lok mitra has been started in Jaipur. The lok  mitra counter in Secretariat is also ready to be operationalised.
Video Conferencing Facility
All the 32 district collectorate offices of the state have been connected to the state Secretariat through video conferencing facility. This would speed up those decisions of the government that are based on discussions with the district level authorities. This video conferencing network has been dedicated to the State Government on 9th August, 2004.
Land Records Computerization
Under the project relating to Land Record Computerization, records of all 241 tehsils have been computerized. Now computer Jamabandi are being generated and computerized records are being provided to the farmers through Gramdoots and Janmitra Kiosks. Computerization works in major revenue earning departments like Commercial taxes department, Excise Department, Transport Department and Registration and Stamps Department is in progress. The Department of Information Technology is providing technical assistance in computerization of Registration and Stamps department and all the full time 72 S.R. Offices and 120 part time S.R.Offices have been computerized. The pilot project for providing connectivity among the 24 S.R. offices and with District Server of Jaipur district to achieve the objective of "Anywhere Registration" is in progress.
Project SecLAN 
The project SecLAN to establish Campus-wide Local Area Network  in State Secretariat has been initiated. The network will connect all the administrative units situated in Secretariat premises for sharing of information. Under this, Priority Application Modules for LAN are to be developed.
State Data Centre 
A project to create State Data Centre to establish a central repository of information and application for key State Government Departments is in progress. The project to establish Rajasthan State Wide Area Network (RSWAN) to connect State Head Quarter with District /Tehsil level offices of Government is underway. The Government of India has agreed to provide Rs.45 lakhs for Feasibility Study. The existing GIS project 'Vikas Darpan' is under process of revamp, under which augmentation of existing IT infrastructure, development of a set of new GIS application for web based interface and client server and procurement of latest GIS Tools is in progress.
E-Governance Projects 
Janmitra Lokmitra Aarakshi RSRTC Rajasthan State Roadways Transport Corporatio
The CMIS The DIPR Online The MIS for RSPCB Transport Department Hospital Management Information System  Raj Crest Electoral Rolls Management Software MIS for Secondary Education Department Land and Buiding Tax Department & Rajasthan Housing Board
The Government of Rajasthan would leverage Information & Communication Technology (ICT) not only as a tool for improving governance and employment opportunities, but also more significantly as a means to enhance the quality of life and bridging the socio-economic divide in the State. The State Government intends to make conscious efforts to see that benefits of IT/ ITeS in terms of employment generation and economic up-liftment percolates to all sections of the society, particularly to those living in rural and remote areas.                                                                                                   
      

Recession.................sereis 1

Recession 2011

·          

 India weathered the 2008 crisis well, but there are fears that this time round the country is not even ready for a crisis of much lesser magnitude, let alone a full-blown debt default in Europe or a possible US recession.

Weak finances, persistently high inflation and policy inertia have considerably weakened the government's position today.

"This time our basics are weak. A domestic meltdown is expected and our resilience won't be as much as last time," said Nisha Taneja, professor of economics at ICRIER. Growth estimates are down to 7.2% in the current year, not far from 6.8% the country managed in crisis-ridden 2008-09, and every other indicator is pointing downwards.

Contrast that with 9.3% growth on the eve of the crisis when India could do no wrong. "This time we may be on weaker foundations," chief economic advisor Kaushik Basu told Washington Post last week. Just before the crisis in 2008, the repo rate, the key rate in the economy, was 9%, which was cut quickly to stimulate demand and investments. This time round the best the Reserve Bank can do is to halt the rate increases because despite high borrowing costs consumption demand remains strong and any policy reversal risks inflation going out of hand.

ECOLOGY BALANCE : Role to save environment for healthy life.

Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus. Some of the health issues influenced by biodiversity include dietary health and nutrition security, infectious disease, medical science and medicinal resources, social and psychological health. Biodiversity is also known to have an important role in reducing disaster risk, and in post-disaster relief and recovery efforts.

Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. 

Indo-Pak-China: A Comparative Development outlook

Indo-Pak-China: A Comparative Development outlook

Dr Balraj Bishnoi

This is to express development strategies and their outcomes of India, Pakistan and China after their emergence as an independent state. It compares the economic structure, development strategies adopted, history of reforms and economic outcomes of reforms. Here reveals the importance of deep, historically-rooted determinants of comparative economic development.  Advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that migratory distance from the geographical origin of Homo sapiens in INDIAN Subcontinent & China, significantly affected the pattern of economic development across societies. In the course of advancing development" diffusion of humans into the Chinese counterpart, variation in migratory distance generated heterogeneity in the degree of intra-population genetic diversity, which, consistently with the economic trade-off associated with diversity, had a persistent non-monotonic effect on development outcomes in the post-Industrial Revolution era. The findings suggest that while the intermediate level of diversity prevalent among Indo-Pak & Chinese populations was conducive for development, the high degree of diversity among the trio of Asian  populations and the low degree of diversity among Native counterpart of our baby Pakistan populations is a detrimental force in the historical development of these regions.                                                                          Variations in the interplay between cultural assimilation and cultural diffusion played a significant role in the advent of divergence and overtaking in the process of development. Economic development of Societies of Indo Pak & China that were geographically less vulnerable to cultural diffusion, benefited from enhanced assimilation, lower cultural diversity and, thus, more intense accumulation of society-specific human capital, enabling them to flourish in the technological paradigm that characterized the agricultural stage of development. The lack of cultural diffusion and its manifestation in cultural rigidity, however, diminished the ability of these economies to adapt to a new technological paradigm, which delayed their industrialization and, thereby, their take-off to a state of sustained economic growth. Finally,  the first cross-country empirical examination of the predictions of the influential Malthusian theory regarding population dynamics and income per capita stagnation in the post-Industrial Revolution/globalization era. Using exogenous sources of cross-country variations in land productivity and the timing of the liberalization era, the analysis demonstrates that, in accordance with the Malthusian theory, economy of these countries were characterized by higher land productivity and an earlier onset of agriculture had higher population densities.

Abstract:FACEBOOK/braj2026@rediffmail.com

Role of Public administration in S &T in modern era.(thanks S.tiwaiji's contribution).

    

orZeku ;qx esa yksd lsokvksa vkSj tukdka{kkvksa dh c<+rh ek=k ds fujkdj.k gsrq fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls iz'kklfud ;ksX;rk esa o`f) dk iz;kl gks jgk gSA lHkh ljdkjh lsokvksa dks vke vkneh rd] lkekU; lsok forj.k dsUnzksa ds tfj;s] muds fuokl LFkku esa miyC/k djkus vkSj vke vkneh dh ewyHkwr vko’;drkvksa dks fdQk;rh nkeksa esa iwjk djus ds fy, ,slh lsokvksa dh dq’kyrk] ikjnf’kZrk vkSj fo’oluh;rk lqfuf’pr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA blds fy, iz’kklfud lajpukvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa esa lq/kkj dh pqukSrh mHkjdj lkeus vkbZ gSA fo’o cSad }kjk izdkf’kr fd, tk jgs izfrosnuksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik yksd izca/ku dh ubZ vo/kkj.kk dk mn; gqvk gS ftlus lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh rduhd dks iz’kklfud xfrfof/k;ksa esa lekfo"V dj laiw.kZ iz’kklfud i)fr dks ,d u;k Lo:Ik iznku fd;k gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k] laxBuksa ds xBu] vkns’k] leUo;] fu;a=.k] dk;kZUo;u rFkk ewY;kadu ls lacaf/kr dk;ksZa dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls izHkko’kkyh cukus ij yxkrkj cy fn;k tk jgk gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa vkbZ ØkfUr us yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa lajpukRed] izfØ;kRed ,oa O;ogkjkRed ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz’kLr fd;k gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls yksd iz’kklu O;kid lq/kkj dh izfØ;k ls xqtjus yxk gSA iz’kklfud lq/kkjksa ls xqtjrk gqvk yksd iz’kklu ukxfjdksa rFkk iz’kkldksa ds e/; izHkko’kkyh ,oa xq.kkRed lg&lEcU/k LFkkfir djus ,oa lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd U;k; lqfuf’pr djus ds izfr fujUrj ltx jgk gSA

    laik’ohZ; y{k.kksa ls xzLr fodkl’khy ns’kksa dh ukSdj’kkgh iz’kklfud O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu dk leFkZu ugha djrh] tc rd iz’kklfud inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks ekufld ØkfUr ds nkSj ls xqtkjk ugha tkrk rc rd iz’kklfud fodkl lEHko ugha gksxkA vr% iz’kklfud fodkl gsrq iz’kklfud lajpuk esa ifjorZu rFkk iz’kklfud izfØ;kvksa ds ljyhdj.k esa iz’kklfud {ks= esa izkS|ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsus ds fufgrkFkZ dks le>s tkus dh vko’;drk gSA yksd iz’kklu ds {ks= esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh vifjgk;Zrk dks iz’kklfud fodkl ,oa lsok forj.k ds lUnHkZ esa fo’ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSAukSdj’kkgh dh Å/okZ/kj inlksikfud O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij {kSfrt inlksikfud O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr lEcU/kksa dk vk/kkj {kSfrt gks tkrk gSA ukSdj’kkgh ds fofHkUu Lrjksa dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj vkos’k dh yEch J`a[kyk dh vko’;drk lekIr gks tkrh gSA ifj.kker% u dsoy laxBu dk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gS cfYd laxBu ds Hkhrj ekuoh; okrkoj.k esa ekuo iz;Ruksa dh xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus esa Hkh lQyrk izkIr gksrh gSAlwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds rgr bZ&xousZal ds ek/;e ls rVLFk latkyksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS tks dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j o fpIl ds ek/;e ls ,d ls vf/kd rÙoksa dks Lo;a ls vkc) djrs gSa ,oa ekuo efLr"d dh rjg Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA dk;kZy;&i)fr blds ek/;e ls ljy cukbZ tk ldrh gSA miHkksDrkvksa dh vko’;drkvksa dks fpfUgr djus esa lQyrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS ,oa laHkkfor iz’kklfud /kks[ksckth vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dk vuqeku yxkdj mls jksdus dk iz;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds izHkko ls laxBu esa ljy o lqxe leUo;] laizs"k.k] Ik;Zos{k.k vkSj izR;k;kstu dks laHko cuk;k tk ldrk gS ftlls eq[;ky;ksa o vU; {ks=h; dk;kZy;ksa ds e/; nwjh dks de djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA QkbZfyax dh iz.kkyh rFkk vads{k.k dh iz.kkyh esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls laHko gqvk gSA bl izdkj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh us iz’kklfud iz.kkyh ,oa i)fr ij O;kid izHkko Mkyk gSAlwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls cxSj vuko’;d la;kstu ds fu.kZ; fuekZ.k dks laHko cuk;k tk ldrk gS ftlls iz’kklu ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fu.kZ; rFkk lsok dh n{krk dks c<+kus esa lQyrk izkIr gks ldrh gSA iqfyl iz’kklu] d`f"k foHkkx] flapkbZ foHkkx] ou foHkkx rFkk f’k{kk foHkkx lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls Lo;a dh iz’kklfud ;ksX;rk fodflr djus esa lQy gks ldrs gSaA ßbUQkWjes’ku lqij gkbZosÞ dh izHkko’kkyh Hkwfedk izcU/kdh; xfrfof/k;ksa dks xq.kkRedrk iznku djrh gSA j.kuhfrd ;kstuk fuekZ.k esa ;k xSj dk;ZØe fu.kZ; fuekZ.k esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh ubZ rduhdksa dk bLrseky dj iz’kklfud izHkko’khyrk esa o`f) dh tk ldrh gSAoS’ohdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k ds nkSj esa l`tukRed fparu dk fodkl] lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku rFkk dk;Z djus dh lg;ksxh izo`fÙk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx ls laHko gks ldrh gSA blds ek/;e ls u dsoy izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk fodkl gh laHko gS cfYd ekuo lalk/ku dks v|ru lwpukvksa ls ySl dj ekufld ifjiDork iznku dh tk ldrh gSA lsok forj.k ds {ks= esa Hkh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx cM+s iSekus ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bZ&xousZal dk iz;ksx dj lkekftd fgrksa] tu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku rFkk lsok forj.k ds izfr iz’kklfud izfrc)rk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA bZ&xousZal ds vUrxZr loZekxhZ lwpuk izokgu dks laHko cukdj turk rd lsok dh igq¡p dks rhozrk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA fo’o cSad us bZ&xousZal dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds :Ik esa lHkh ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk viukus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA mlds vuqlkj bZ&xousZal ljdkjh lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ rFkk bySDVªkfud lk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ls turk dks lwpuk,¡ miyC/k djkus dk ,d ek/;e gSAHkkjr ljdkj ds n{k vfHk’kklu dh fn’kk esa ldkjkRed iz;kl tkjh gSA chloha 'krkCnh ds vfUre n’kd esa bZ&xousZal dks izHkko’kkyh rjhds ls ykxw djus dh dksf’k’k 'kq: dh xbZA vc bZ&xousZal lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds vius iqjkus izk:Ik dks NksM+dj lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds u, izk:Ik dks viuk jgk gSA bl u, izk:Ik ds ek/;e ls ljdkj dh vkarfjd ,oa cká nksuksa izdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks izHkko’kkyh cukus ij fo’ks"k cy fn;k tk jgk gSA dEI;wVj latky rFkk uohu fMftVy lEc)rk ds rgr ljdkj ds Hkhrj tgka ,d vksj la;qDr fpUru dks lEHko cuk;k tk jgk gS ogha nwljh vksj ljdkj] yksd lekt ,oa ukxfjdksa ds e/; lEc)rk dks c<+kus rFkk tokcnsgh dks fodflr djus dk iz;Ru Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA

bZ&xousZal ds izk:Ik

1-    lkekU; lwpuk izk:Ik & bZ&xouZZsal dk ;g izk:Ik izFke rFkk lokZf/kd laosnu’khy izk:Ik ekuk tkrk gS tks bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ljdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh ;fn turk dks nh tkrh gS rks turk ,oa ljdkj ds e/; vPNs lEcU/kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA ijEijkxr ljdkj ls bySDVªkfud ljdkj dh vksj tkus dk Hkh ;g igyk dne ekuk tkrk gSA bl izk:Ik ds rgr ;g er fodflr fd;k x;k gS fd lalwfpr turk Lo;a dks l’kDr dj vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks izHkko’kkyh rjhds ls iz;ksx esa yk,xh rFkk mlds fu.kZ;u dh xq.kkRedrk esa o`f) gksxhA bl izk:Ik dks ykxw djus ds fy, ;g vko’;d gS fd ljdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa esa ,oa laxBuksa esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus dk okrkoj.k fodflr fd;k tk,A bl izk:Ik dks ykxw djus ls bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls ljdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh turk dks miyC/k gksrh gS rFkk ljdkjh inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vko’;d tkudkjh Hkh izkIr gksrh gSA blds rgr dY;k.k ,oa fodkl lEcU/kh dk;ZØeksa rFkk muds fu"iknu dh fLFkfr ls Hkh voxr gqvk tk ldrk gSA

2-    laosnu’khy lwpuk izlkj izk:Ik & ;g dk;ksZUeq[kh izk:Ik gS vkSj blds ek/;e ls lwpuk vk/kkfjr fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k ,oa xfrfof/k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA bl izk:Ik ds vUrxZr yksd cgl dks cy feyrk gS ,oa tu fodkl rFkk tu dY;k.k ls lEcfU/kr lHkh eqn~nksa ij tuer fodflr djus vkSj fuUnk djus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA fdlkuksa rFkk ukxfjdksa dks okrkoj.k rFkk tyok;q lEcU/kh tkudkfj;k¡ miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA ljdkj }kjk ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku ls lEcfU/kr tkudkfj;k¡ bUVjusV ij miyC/k gksrh gSA

3-    leFkZd izk:Ik & ;g izk:Ik yksd lekt dk lgk;d gksrk gS vkSj ljdkjh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dks vUnj ,oa ckgj ls izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g izk:Ik lwpukvksa dh j.kuhfrd izokgu dks mu leqnk;ksa rd funsZf’kr djds tks ljdkjh dk;ksZa dks lg;ksx iznku dj ldrs gSa] ljdkj dh lgk;rk djrk gSA blds ek/;e ls ekuo lalk/kuksa ,oa lwpukvksa dh laHkkO;rk dks xfr’khyrk iznku dh tk ldrh gS rFkk ukSdj’kkgh O;o/kku dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izk:Ik ds ek/;e ls [kqys :Ik esa yksd cgl lEHko gksrh gS vkSj ljdkjh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k ij ncko lewg dh Hkwfedk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ;g izk:Ik yksxksa rFkk leqnk;ksa ds dY;k.k rFkk fodkl laca/kh eqn~nksa ij cgl esa Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+krk gSA

4-    vUrfØZ;kRed lsok izk:Ik & ;g izk:Ik mi;qZDr of.kZr rhuksa izk:iksa ls i`Fkd f}ekxhZ lwpuk izokgu dks laHko cukrk gS rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds iw.kZ mi;ksx dks lqfuf’pr djrk gSA bl izk:Ik ds ek/;e ls turk vkSj ljdkjh izfrfuf/k;ksa rFkk inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp izR;{k lEcU/k LFkkfir gksrk gS vkSj iz’kklu rd turk dh igq¡p ,oa ml ij turk dk fu;a=.k izHkkoh gksrk gSA bl izk:Ik dk bLrseky dj ljdkjh inkf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa izfrfuf/k;ksa dh fu;qfDr ,oa fuokZpu dks izHkko’kkyh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ukxfjd f’kdk;r fuokj.k] ifjiqf"V ,oa izfrosnu O;oLFkk dks l’kDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ljdkjh uhfr;ksa ,oa fu.kZ;ksa ij tuer dks fodflr djus esa rFkk iz’kklfud fodsUnzhdj.k dks laHko cukus esa bl izk:Ik dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA mi;qZDr izk:iksa dk mi;ksx dj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls iz’kklfud izHkko’khyrk dks c<+kus esa lQyrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bZ&xousZal tks ewyr% pkj laosnu’khy rÙoksa ( lwpuk] izkS|ksfxdh] iz.kkyh ,oa turk ls lEcfU/kr gS] laLFkkukRed fuokZr esa dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA bu pkj rÙoksa dks laxfBr dj ,d lwpuk O;oLFkk dks LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj laLFkkukRed okrkoj.k esa jktuhfrd] fof/kd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd izHkkodkjh dkjdksa ds leqPp; ds lkFk bldh lQyrk lEHko cukbZ tk ldrh gSA

Hkkjr esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk izHkko

    ns'k ds fodkl gsrq vPNs vfHk’kklu dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, izFker% lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa rRdkyhu jk"Vªh; ljdkj us y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, fodkl dh lHkh fn’kkvksa esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dks laHko cukus dh dksf’k’k 'kq: dhA dEI;wVj] Qkbcj vkWfIVDl] bUQkWjes’ku lqij gkbZos bR;kfn rÙo iz’kklfud O;oLFkk esa tksM+s tkus yxsA ,d vPNs vfHk’kklu dks LFkkfir djus ,oa iz’kklfud ikjnf’kZrk ds lkFk vfHk’kklu dks vf/kdkf/kd tuksUeq[kh cukus ds iz;kl chloha lnh ds vfUre n’kd esa Hkh tkjh jgsA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa ,d ladYiuk i= rS;kj fd;k x;k ftlesa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa fodkl ds u, y{;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;kA ,slh laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ds iz;kl 'kq: fd, x, ftuds ek/;e ls lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds rgr fØ;kRed mi;ksx dh fn’kk esa igy dks laHko cuk;k tk lds vkSj iz’kklu esa n{krk o izHkko’khyrk dks lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldsA lsok forj.k ds {ks= esa ljdkj ds U;wure 25 izfr’kr dk;Z bysDVªksfud i)fr ls lEiUu fd, tk,] bldk y{; j[kk x;kA ljdkj us bl fe’ku dks iwjk djus ds fy, ea=ky;ksa rFkk fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa laLFkkukRed fodkl rFkk bZ&xousZal gsrq vko’;d mi;ksxh izkS|ksfxdh dks ykus dk iz;Ru 'kq: fd;kA ljdkj ds }kjk bysDVªkWfud i)fr ls lsok lEiknu ds mn~ns’; dks iwjk djus ds fy, yksd&miØeksa rFkk ljdkj ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa ,oa ea=ky;ksa dks lalk/ku miyC/k djk, x,A jkT; Lrj ij lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa fodkl gsrq jk"Vªh; ljdkj }kjk izksRlkgu dk okrkoj.k fodflr fd;k x;kA ns’k dh fofHkUu laoS/kkfud laLFkkvksa esa bZ&xousZal dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy, vko’;d rduhdksa dks 'kkfey djus ij cy fn;k x;kA

    11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkkjr ljdkj us lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl ds fy, xSj&;kstukxr O;; dk 2&3 izfr’kr /ku vkoafVr fd;k rkfd fMftVy ;qx esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk iz’kklfud O;oLFkk dks izkIr gks ldsA vkUrfjd rFkk cká nksuksa izdkj dh iz’kklfud O;oLFkk dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx dj O;oLFkk dh izfØ;k esa lq/kkj laHko gksxk rFkk cká iz’kklfud O;oLFkk esa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx ls iz’kklu vkSj turk ds chp lEcU/kksa dks laosnu’khy] vuqfØ;k’khy o mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ cukus esa lQyrk izkIr gksxhA

    oS’ohdj.k ds lUnHkZ esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh oSf’od Kku dh lk>snkjh ,oa Hkkxhnkjh ls lEcfU/kr gSA 1992 ds fo’o cSad izfrosnu ds i'pkr~ iz’kklfud n{krk] vuqfØ;k’khyrk] [kqykiu ,oa Hkkxhnkjh dks laHko cukuk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ,d izeq[k mn~ns’; ekuk x;k gSA

    Hkkjr ljdkj us 1999 esa ubZ nwjlapkj uhfr dk fuekZ.k dj ns’k esa lwpuk lapkj izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl dks rhozrk nsus dk iz;kl 'kq: fd;kA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e] 2000 ds ek/;e ls ns’k ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa u dsoy izkS|ksfxdh izlkj dk iz;Ru gqvk cfYd mUgsa fofu;fer djus ds {ks= esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ dne mBk, x,A e/;izns’k esa Kkunwr dk;ZØe vkSj dsjy esa Ýs.Ml tSls dk;ZØeksa us ljdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa esa tuHkkxhnkjh ds volj dks c<+k;k gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa bUVjusV dSQs LFkkfir dj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh fn’kk esa ,d ldkjkRed dne mBk;k gSA bl izdkj ds dneksa ls lekt ds lHkh oxksZa rd lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk igq¡pk;k tkuk laHko gks ldsxk vkSj rc ekuo fodkl ds O;kid y{; dks izkIr djus esa lgk;rk fey ldsxhA

    Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh jkt/kkfu;ksa ,oa eq[; 'kgjksa esa LFkkuh; {ks= latky ¼LAN½ rFkk O;kid {ks= latky ¼WAN½ dks lfpoky;ksa esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS ftuds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij turk dks eq[;ky; ds dk;ksZa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS rFkk lfpoky; o vU; dk;kZy;ksa ds chp varlZEcU/k LFkkfir dj iz’kklfud izHkko’khyrk dks c<+kus esa lQyrk izkIr gks ldrh gSA

    iapk;rhjkt ea=ky; }kjk ns’k dh lHkh iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa esa iz’kklfud O;oLFkk dks dEI;wVjhd`r djus ds fy, dne mBk;k x;k gSA ^xzke lsV* ds ek/;e ls mixzgksa }kjk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa f’k{kk ds izlkj dks laHko cukus dh dksf’k’k dh tk jgh gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls mi[k.M Lrj ij Hkwfe vk¡dM+ksa dks dEI;wVjhd`r djus dh fn’kk esa dk;Z gks jgk gSA dsUnz ljdkj ds d`f"k ea=ky; }kjk yxHkx ,d gtkj djksM+ :Ik;s ls vf/kd dk fuos’k dj xk¡oksa ls lEc)rk LFkkfir djus dk cM+s Lrj ij iz;kl 'kq: gqvk gSA xzkeh.k {ks= dh lEc)rk dks foLrkj nsus ds fy, jsy ea=ky; }kjk dkWij&dscYl ds ek/;e ls LVs’kuksa ds chp latky dks c<+kus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke us lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dks xzkeh.k {ks= rd igq¡pkus dk fopkj O;Dr fd;k FkkA ;|fi jk"Vªh; o jkT; ljdkjksa us bl fn’kk esa dqN ldkjkRed iz;kl fd, gSa rFkkfi rc Hkh O;kid lEHkkouk,¡ fo|eku gSA Hkkjr esa ljdkjksa ls visf{kr gS fd os Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk bl izdkj fodkl djsa ftlls lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk xzkeh.k rFkk miuxjh; {ks=ksa rd igq¡pk;k tk lds vkSj jktLo ys[kkadu] E;wfufliy dj ys[kkadu rFkk fuxjkuh fodkl izkstsDV ds {ks= esa blds bLrseky dks lEHko cuk;k tk ldsA pwafd Hkkjr esa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh cgqyrk gS blfy, lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ek/;e ls Qly] ou] ty lalk/ku] [kfut] eRL;] lkxjh; lalk/ku bR;kfn ds lEcU/k esa 'kks/kdk;Z dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ns’k ds lHkh ftyksa dh ;kstukvksa dks izkFkfed bdkbZ ekudj foLr`r vk¡dM+k laxzg.k lEHko cuk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k esa oSKkfudrk dks lekfo"V fd;k tk ldsA f’k{kk] LokLF;] xzkeh.k lsokvksa] m|ksx] Je] dkuwu O;oLFkk bR;kfn ls lEcfU/kr iz’kklfud leL;kvksa dk lek/kku lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl ls lEHko cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

    mi;qZDr dneksa ds vykok yksdrkaf=d okrkoj.k esa bZ&xousZal dks ykxw djus ds fy, tu&tkx:drk dks fodflr djus dk iz;Ru djuk gksxkA ljdkjh lwpuk i)fr dks l’kDr dj turk dh iz’kklfud fu.kZ;ksa rd igqap cukuk lEHko gksxkA l’kDr jktuhfrd bPNk&’kfDr ds lkFk ns’k ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa ;fn Kku lekt dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ^dE;wfuVh jsfM;ks* tSlh vo/kkj.kk dks iz;qDr dj ekuo dq’kyrk esa lao)Zu] dyk vkSj laLd`fr dks izksRlkgu rFkk f’k{kk] LokLF;] lkekftd dk;Z bR;kfn ds izfr psruk c<+kus gsrq tu&Hkkxhnkjh c<+kbZ tkrh gS rks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds ykHk dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus esa lQyrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS vkSj Hkkjr dks ,d fodflr jk"Vª ds :Ik esa cnyus dk LoIu gdhdr esa cny ldrk gSA