Saturday, 23 May 2015
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: TOWARDS NEW ICT BASED ADMINISTRATIVE CULTURE
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Saturday, 17 January 2015
MEMORANDUM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 1995 DISABILITY ACT AND PASSING OF RPWD ACT.
MEMORANDUM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF 1995 DISABILITY ACT AND PASSING OF RIGHT TO PERSON WITH DISABILITY ACT 2014.
DR. Balraj VISHNOI
(convenor, National Seminar SAP 2015)
“MEMORANDUM”
Hon’ble President of India
Hon’ble Prime Minister of INDIA
Hon’ble chief Justice of INDIA
Hon’ble Governor of all States
Hon’ble Chief Ministers of all states
Hon’ble Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment,
India & all States
AND
Hon’ble Minister for HRD
India
Subject: For implementation of matter with reference to DISABILITY
RIGHTS of Specially Abled People .Kindly consider the agenda on their behalf as
given below and burning issues for welfare of pwd but avoided by policy makers
since long period of 19 years INDIA is a matter of grievance for SPECIALLY
ABLED PERSON(SAP) even after 1995 act passed by hon. parliament of India and
few states since 1976 and latest in 2011 but the position is similar in almost
all states of the nation.
Hon. Sir,
Kindly give directions for implementation welfare measures
with priority in following areas to give security to Person With Disabilities with
full participation and inclusion in mainstream, providing autonomy with respect-full
autonomy for dignified life with focus on non discrimination. Violation of fundamental-human rights in the politico-,socio-
economic area continues. It is punishable under EOA act 1995 but most cases are
ignored by few members of higher authority of State let RPWD 14 bring change in
India and need to be passed at earliest by Hon. PARLIAMENT. Equal recognition
& inclusion without any barriers (econ-socio-physical) with accessible with
free medical aid on priority.
PART 1
1 Strict steps to end
DISCRIMINATION with equal footing with so
called Enabled people of society with Government obligation to provide reasonable
accommodation and protection of rights of specially abled people. Discrimination on the basis of disability include estrangement
and exclusion in a society and need to be recognized on equal grounds
compare to so called enabled.
2 Special cell for
protection of Rights of women with disability as its the case of
discrimination both physical and social with higher risk outside the home as
well as inside the home due to violence & sexual abuse facing
neglect from society and exploitation more in rural areas compare to urbanite
female disabled.
3 To appoint full time commissioner
for hearing and at least as deputy commissioner
/assistant commissioner with disabilities on deputation or disability
rights activists from the bureaucracy/disability rights activist on deputation
from other department/NGO to achieve neutrality & sensitivity towards pwd
as representative of the Government to bring positive changes.
4. Kindly direct for Implementation of Hon. Commissioner
disabilities judicial order no.127/2012
(RAJ.) for same rules for Union & State Government in reservations of government jobs
as per hon. S.C.Order for special recruitment drive & appointment of
nodal officers in departments for this purpose on priority for specially abled people and
recent directions of HON S.C. recent directions dated 8.10.13 and March 2014 by
CJI Corum in both the cases.
5. Kindly direct for ESTABLISHMENT
OF DISABILITIES COMMISSION as well as meeting of state level
coordination committee on regular time bound period with representation of
specially- abled- person in such committees with non political background
sustaining neutral ideology.
6 Specially
abled persons to be given reservation in promotions in identified
pots in departments, commissions and boards along with roster register maintain
from 7.2.96 , calculation of category wise backlog, as per post for 3%
reservation, appointment as per available backlog by special recruitment drive,
selection of pwd beyond merit by separate reservation and to direct appointing
authorities to get NOC from hon. commissioner
disabilities with a copy to hon. chief secretary for compliance as per order dated
8.10.12 to secretary DOPT by
commissioner disabilities.
7 Assistance in MEDICAL TREARMENT by providing free of cost
treatment to vishesh-yogyajan (disabled) as well as members of fam MEDICAL ASSISTANCE: Treatment of
specially abled person without any cost as well as the dependence of family
members with priority to multiple disabled members in States & U.Ts. suffering from disability in one family.
8 Priority for person having
disabilities in Employment Linked Skill Training
Programmes (ELSTP) eg
Rajasthan Skill and Livelihood Development Corporation
(RSLDC).
RSLDC launched
Employment Linked Skill Training Programmes (ELSTP) in
October, 2012 through Training Partners
(TPs) selected by an open process. Skill development is also taken as a mission
by hon. Prime minister of India in upcoming years for employment
generation.
9
The Specially abled person getting
pension should be consider as BPL category to get government facilities
similar to BPL AND their pension should be raised from mere mount @ of Rs
500(varying state to states) to Rs 6000 per month on regular basis. Specially
Abled People without any source of income shall be given monthly pension by the
government on priority with immediate effect and on regular basis without
interruption.
10. Implementation of rules in state regarding current
recruitment going on through public service commission like RPSC, HPSC ,MPPCS,
UPPCS and Maharashtra civil
services as well as subordinate
services etc. Example as seen in rule 40
clause 1 of disability rights rules 2011 (State Government) & execute Rule 41 to provide allowance for
appearing in exams by Specially Abled Persons all over the nation.
11. BJP Manifesto chapter 14
regarding PWD should be implemented in full such as: a) Strengthening of Schemes for Specially Challenged
should be strengthened at the earliest,
free education and livelihood along with EARNING CAPACITY programmes to
SAP.
b) Reservation for Persons with Disabilities in
jobs to be ensured at the earliest.
c) Adoption of a comprehensive
policy & implementation of programme for the skill development (as announced
by hon.P.M. on 15th August 2014) d) Employment and rehabilitation of the Persons with Disabilities as
soon as coming to power is almost completed long period.
e) Consideration of the programmes and institutions for Persons with Disabilities will be
on priority.
f) Lifetime hostels will be established disabled as per
needs &
innovative SAP.
12. EDUCATION: Policy of inclusive education where students
without any disability study with specially abled and learn the teaching system as per adaptation of
special needs and further such especially Abled students should be given
proper chance to merge with main stream of society in education. Even for
general B.ED qualified teachers should be appointed as special educators and in the meanwhile with the training of such
special educators after appointment during probation period to be specialized with curriculum related
to specially challenged students in school and colleges.
13. LIFETIME ACCIDENTAL AND MEDICAL
INSURANCE: For all specially persons
such arrangements can be ensured through
schemes like Nirmaya should be
encouraged and reputed insurance companies like ICICI Lombard, Bajaj
Allianz etc. with assistance under National Trust of India as special drive like that
of emergency services for the health
security of PWD.
14. Government should further register every disabled children since
birth and bear the responsibility of early diagnosis as well as treatment
and counselling of family members along with treatment given to such specially
challenged children.
15. Specially abled people should
get at least 80 % concession along with
escort in state buses all over India in all the three categories with the
disability of 40% and above on all the routes in respective of particular state
to which he or she belong & 60%
concession by air-routes.
16. SPORTS ASSISTANCE AND FACILITIES: Today as the especially able
persons doing well in Para Olympics level as well as in Asiad as seen in case SAP
players all over India but still there
is lack of infrastructure in states as well as in the capital of India in terms
of basic facilities for stadiums etc. with new technology. Further these players should be given reputed positions
in the state all Indian level services in the government as well as in PSUs
etc. with honour & facilities similar to international Olympic and Asiad
winners of India. Such Discrimination should be prohibited with proper
guidelines.
17. TOOL FREE HELPLINES AND IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE: Disabled help lines numbers in each district
of the states should be established and to be handled by PERSON WITH
DISABILITIES and toll Free Numbers should established in all states. Further
this will generate employment for PWD with lower qualifications in such
government booths.
18. SINGLE WINDOW SCHEMES: All the especially challenges should be
issued smart cards with validity all over India for the purpose of
job recruitment and concession as well
as admission in school and colleges.
19. VISUALLY IMPAIRED: Immediate need of government Braille press in all the states with separate allocation of
budgets under minor / major head as declaration in 2014-15 is not sufficient.
All the material free of cost to such person perusing study up to higher
education including research work at the university level. Further provision of
computer technology as developed by
Professor Issac and other scientist of NIT should be given with immediate
effect in the state as discussed with Mrs. Meenakshi BalaSubramanian during
meeting at Mumbai since more than decade back.
20. WEBSITES AND PORTALS:
Government in the union as well as in all the states should make sure
that internet and web material must be accessible to Specially Abled People as
per guidelines of government of India regarding accessibility to internet /web/wi-fi to high tech and Hon.P.M.
INITIATIVES need to be in compliance speedily through NIC and web master. All
the UNIVERSITIES OF INDIA should be shifted to hi-tech teaching and excuses by UOR sh dev-swaroop (member UGC) and
ex Vice chancellor of UOR statement on 23.12.13 in national newspaper regarding
traditional teaching and avoidance of smart-classes/ppt
devices presentation for specially abled people should be examine on
priority and review order to give relief to SAP in UOR by hon.HRD Minister
India.
21. MOTIVATION
FOR MARRIAGE: They need to provide
financial assistance of more than the determined amount during the marriage of Specially
Abled People for Ex. Mere amount of Rs.
50000 provided in the state of Rajasthan and such amount should be raise to Rs. 5 lakhs as given during inter caste
marriages for Ex. In Rajasthan and such rules should be applicable all over
India with immediate affect further strong
rules should be made in case of any of the enabled spouse giving divorce on the
ground of disability to his or her life partner.
22. Government should make compulsion that purchase of utility items
in the state offices should be made by Specially challenged people with
more emphasis on self help groups and small industries managed by different
social and disabilities activists of India further handmade items can be
exported to different countries by union government, can be of great financial
support for Specially Abled People and children of our nation.
23. Right to Employment: As per the training and merit of Person With Disabilities
government should follow Supreme Court
guidelines and appoint immediately as data entry operator, e-mitra nagrik
seva centers, information assistant and recruitment drive as per their
education qualification and merit with immediate effect .
24.
BUDGET 2014:
a)
It is appreciable to announce Brail
press but this number is not sufficient for disabled people as hon.
finance minister said 15 new Brail presses will be set up. "Fifteen new Brail presses will be established and 10 existing
ones will be revived," in 2014-15.
This
number is insufficient towards population of visually impaired in India and no steps in
states like Rajasthan implemented till date.
b) Secondly, Hon.F.M. said the scheme to
assist the disabled to purchase aids and appliances will be extended &
propose to extend the scheme for assistance
to disabled persons for purchase of aids and appliances (ADIP) to include
contemporary aids and assistive devices,". Need to execute at the earliest
by hon. Government in all states.
c)Thirdly, "A national level institute for Universal Inclusive Design and Mental
Health Rehabilitation and a Centre for Disability Sport has also been proposed
for the welfare of the disabled-people. It is needful to expect from the government
to Kindly give directions for its
execution at the earliest to complete within stipulated time limit.
PART
11
Few
important Burning issues need to be resolved urgently are:
1)
specially abled people and lower castes in schools are priority wise involved toilet cleaning under
Clean drive mission need strict regulations for such teachers to issue
work.
2)
violation
of 1995 a for equal rights participation of pwd
even after 19 years by senior bureaucratic machinery and policy makers.
3)
Only mere jobs to
unemployed youth is violation of human rights despite 3% reservation and SC
order and drive for employment.
4) Reservation
in promotion neglected against 1995 act and failure of UN Resolution as well as SC order.
5) NGOs
misusing money along with few bureaucrats allotted for disabled is violation of human rights of pwd.
6) MNREGA also not able to end discrimination to pwd.
7) Non
disabled person consider for post of deputy commissioners/assistant
commissioner
without sensitively for pwd is violation of human rights of disabled for e.g.
in commissioner disabilities office Rajasthan not a single pwd consider up to
peon level.
8) Exclusion
of PWD from society
and consider as marginalised section.
9) No
reservation in politics is
embarrassing for a population of 2.64 cr officially but in reality more than 8
cr and debarring in law making via parliament/state assembly is violation of
human rights in so called civil society of India.
PART
111 (Related to 1995 act)
Need to analyze ourselves on 66th International Human Rights
year of 2014-15 with immediate effects and directions:-
a) Kindly
stop harassment of specially challenged
people & VIOLATION OF THE 1995 ACT as an urgent need.
b) Violation
of CH 1 Clause 1) Denial of title assent
by the president of India and no equality.
c) NON Discrimination clause 47 for non discrimination in govt. Employment and
infrastructure facilities related to work debar not followed strictly.
d) Violation of CH IX Manpower Development &
Clause 48 Even applicant debar of basic facilities despite computer related
work and violation of pt. C related to
Development of assistive device including socio-psycho aspects as seen in
UOR, Jaipur Dairy/RCDF & government departments like cooperative department
of Rajasthan in review petition of 28.4.14 by CPWD (Rajasthan) for RICEM/Milk
UNION as well as other instances and atrocities from different states of nation
even after 1995 act.
e) Even violation of CH XII Clause 63) Misguidance to civil court powers of hon.
court of commissioner disabilities e.g. by false reply on 29.4.14 and
CONTEMPT OF CIVIL COURT OF COMMISSIONER DISABILITIES RAJASTHAN direction to
director RICEM for medical reimbursement before 26th may 2014 and instances
are more.
f)
Violation of sec.32. Identification
of posts which can be reserved for persons with disabilities taking into consideration the
developments in technology even after hon. S.C.Order.
g)
Violation of sec 37 to maintain such record in
relation to the person with disability employed in his establishment.
h) Violation
of sec 44 related to Non-discrimination in transport - Establishments
in the transport sector shall, within the limits of their economic capacity and
development for the benefit of persons with disabilities and allowance denied
to applicant.
i)
Violation of sec 47 related to
Non-discrimination in Government Employment
j) DESPITE OF SEC 69. Punishment for
fraudulently availing any benefit meant for persons with disabilities - Whoever,
fraudulently avails or attempts to avail, any benefit meant for persons with
disabilities, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend
to two years or with fine which may extend to twenty thousand rupees or with
both.
HOPE FOR JUSTICE with reference to 3
parts mentioned above need immediate directions and even after 19 years of the
EOA Act 1995 and UNCRPD 2006 Convention need to be taken seriously for welfare of Specially Abled Person (SAP)
by the newly formed government.
Thanking You in a rainbow of change
for disabled people of state and country as a whole.
Your Sincierly
Dr BALRAJ VISHNOI
Emal:jnvishnoi@gmail.com
09414784445 (mobile)
& ALL DISABILITIES ACTIVISTS along
with Unions & Associations.
C.C.for necessary action and
Information:
1 Secretary, MSJE (India & all
states).
2 Secretary and Joint Secretary ,
Department of Disability affairs (India).
3 Chief Commissioner for person with disabilities
(India) & Commissioner for PWD of all states).
4 Chief Secretary of all states.
5 Principal Secretary (MSJE) of all the
states.
6 Secretary , HRD ministry
6 Director MSJE
7 Government ministries & departments
Sunday, 17 June 2012
Socio-Administrative-Economic
Activities of State
Dr Balraj Bishnoi
In broad Economic activities need to
flow & engage principles of Decentralization, Devolution and
Decentralization specifically. States need not to regulate but give more
autonomy to the commercial partner as seen in Rajasthan Government signing MOU
with an energy sector company of Scotland in oil & natural gas & JETRO
etc.
Presently India pretends in a flux of multi-flexibility to
state’s control over economy with increasing fiscal deficit, under state’s
control and problem in productivity but success of flagship schemes like Mnrega
for rural development & amendment to provide participatory autonomy to
cooperatives etc proves a relief strategically. Division of Labor relates
directly to production but due to non specialized labour including qualified
specialist lead such schemes and negativity against ARC 1 recommendation such
as generalist officers appointed as Block Development Coordinators etc from non
specialized nature of work. Result is directly, less productive nature relates
to less specialization directly. Question is how to correlate power &
economic development with direction via political action.
Expectation with logical positivism
is need of the hour adopting flexible nature of tariffs, reduction in redtapism
& favoritism for particular area & person and emphasis on industrial
establishment along with debureaucratization and democratism as public choice
approach following principles of public administration on the lines of social
equity & change along with value-ridden society. In broad Economic
activities need to flow & engage principles of Decentralization, Devolution
and Decentralization specifically. States need not to regulate but give more
autonomy to the commercial partner as seen in Rajasthan Government signing MOU
with energy sector company of Scotland in oil & natural gas & reliance
power etc and performing work at Barmer, Jaisalmer and in Auto sector collaboration
with Japanese cooperation at Khuskheda (Bhiwadi) for Honda cial’s car
production unit & Japanese park at neemrana
(alwar) having MOU with JETRO for MNCs
i.e. mitsui, mitsubisi etc includes 31 japanese companies. . Such steps by
state of RAJASTHAN Government can be role model in case of reallocation of
power for society’s welfare economics involving fundamental of lassaize fare.
Needfull mechanism to control
misuse of decentralized & devolution of power :
a) State policy is to reregulate economic
agent by means of depolitalization as principal governing formulae for creating
legalized moral attitude as part governing policy for fair results. b) Licenses & MOU with company engaged in self-interest
should be cancelled immediately and avoid favoritism to concerned enterprises.
c) State need to be watchdog for
economic power assumed by private sectors as well as maintain positive
relations & compel private investors to follow principle of welfare
economics and follow assumption of service by economic forces / enterprises
towards society without regionalism.
d) Tendency of disintegration /entropy need to
be control by reinforcement conditioning of economic functions &
development of society on priority scale.
Friday, 13 April 2012
CHILD MARRIEGE : Social evil in Rajasthan
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· gekjs lekt esa cgqr lkjs yksx yMdh dks cks> ekurs gSsA fygktk os tYnh ls tYnh yMdh dks C;kg dj bl cks> ls eqDr gks tkuk pkgrs gSa A
· bl izFkk ds gd esa ekrk&firk vkSj leqnk; dsh nyhy ;g gksrh gS fd vxj yMds vkSj yMdh dk cpiu esa gh fookg dj fd;k tk, rks ngst de nsuk iMrk gSaA os bl ckr dks Hkwy tkrs gS fd ngst izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e 1961 ds rgr ,d vijk/k gSaA
· gekjs ;gkW de mez dh nqYguksa dh ekWx vc Hkh dkQh T;knk gSA bldh otg ls Hkh cgqr lkjs ekrk&firk viuh yMfd;ksa dks tYnh ls tYnh C;kg nsuk pkgrs gSaA NksVs cPps Lo;a fojks/k ugh dj ikrs gSa vr% muds l;kus gksus ls igys gh ifjokj }kjk mu ij viuh bPNk Fkksi nh tkrh gSaA
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ckyfookg ds ifj.kke%&
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· cky fookg ls vPNs LokLF; ikss"k.k ls cpko ds eqyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksrk gSa A
· cgqr lkjh yMfd;ksa ;gh ls yxkrkj vlqjf{kr ;kSu xfrfof/k;ksa ds pØesa f?kj tkrh gSa A blls muds LokLFk; ij cgqr xEHkhj vlj iM ldrs gSA tYnh fookg dk eryc gksrk gS tYnh ekW cuukA blds dkj.k de mez dh ekW vkSj mlds cPps nksuks dh tku vkSj lsgr [krjs esa iM tkrh gSA cky fookg ds ifj.kke Lo:i yMfd;ksa dks ckj&ckj xHkZ/kkj.k vkSj xHkZikr djokuk iMrk gSa ftlds dkj.k u dsoy uotkr f'k'kq dk otu de jg tkrk gS cfYd ckfydkvksa esa Hkh dqisk"k.k o [kwu dh deh dh T;knk vk'kadk jgrh gSa A
· cky o/kw,¡ vDlj vius laxh lkfFk;ksa ls fcNM tkrh gSa bl lkekftd vyxko ls muds lkeus 'kkjhfjd] ekufld leL;k,W mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
· de mez esa ckyfookg ls f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj dk Hkh guu gksrk gSA 'kknh dh otg ls cPpksa ds vui< vkSj vdq'ky jg tkus ls muds lkeus jkstxkj ikus vkSj vkfFkZd Loa=r gksus dh laHkkouk {kh.k gks tkrh gSA
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· cky fookg djokuk ;k jpkuk ,d laKs; vkSj xSj&tekurh vijk/k ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSa A
· vnkyrksa dks cky fookg jksdus ds fy, fu"ks/kkKk tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj gksxk A
· bl dkuwu esa cky fookg djus okyksa ds fy, ltk dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSa A
¼[k½ lqj{kk%&
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· ftl yMdh dk cky fookg fd;k tkrk gS mldks xqtkjs HkRrs vkSj vkokl dh O;oLFkk iznku dh xbZ gS A
· dkuwu esa cky fookg ls eqDr djk, x, cPpksa dks fpfdRldh;] oS/kkfud lgk;rk] ijke'kZ] iquokZl lfgr lHkh rjg dh lgk;rk miyC/k djokus dk izko/kku gSa A
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· cky fookg dh lwpuk fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl nh tk ldrh gSa& iqfyl] ckyfookg fu"ks/k vf/kdkjh] izFke Js.kh U;kf;d eftLVªsV] U;k; vf/kfu;e 2000 ds vUrxZr xfBr cky dY;k.k lfefr] ftyk eftLVªsV vkfnA
lek/kku gsrq vU; iz;kl%&
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· efgyk lekurk gsrq lq/kkj vkUnksyu ,d vuojr izfØ;k cusA
· ftu {ks=ksa esa cky fookg gksrs gS ogkW dh iapk;r tu izfrfuf/k;ksa ,oa iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dh tokcnsgh lqfu'fpr gksA
· fofHkUu Lrj dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa cky fookg ,oa efgyk vlekurk ds fo:) psruk mRiUu djus okys ikB lfEefyr gksA
· y?kq pyfp=] uqDdM ukVd] yksdxhr bR;kfn dh jpuk dj cky fookg dk fojks/k ,oa mldh gkfu;kW dk LFkkuh; {ks=ksa esa lkoZtfudj.k fd;k tk,A
· cky fookg ds izfrca/k gsrq lkekftd vkanksyu ,oa tutkx:drk ,oa tulgHkkfxrk dh vko';drk gSA
· 73 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr iapk;r dks nh xbZ fo/kk;h 'kfDr;ksa esa xzkeiapk;r ds lnL;ksa dks f'kf{kr djus dk izko/kku Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls cky fookg dh ?kVukvksa esa fu"ks/k vf/kdkjh dks visf{kr enn fey ldsa A
· lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd lcyhdj.k ,oa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds ek/;e ls ifjokj dh detksfj;ksa ij vdqa'k yxkuk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ fujks/kd mik; gSaA
milagkj%&
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ckyfookg ds fo:) vuojr tkxj.k dh vko';drk dk ladYi ysdj ge cky fookg dk cfg"dkj djsa A bl lEc/ka esa xkWo xkWo vkSj <k.kh <k.kh rd yksxksa dh ekufldrk cnyus ds fy, gekjs iz;kl fe'kujh Hkko ls izfjr gksxsa rHkh dksbZ ckr cu ldsxh A
Comparative study of Indo-Pak-China in terms of Development.
| DR BALRAJ BISHNOI Faculty member RICEM Cooperatives (government of Rajasthan INDIA) And convener human rights for disabled (India & Asia-Pacific) RTI activist & Author. (email:jnvishnoi@gmail.com / braj2026@rediffmail.com) Paper represents comparative study of development strategies and their outcomes of India, Pakistan and China after their emergence as an independent state. It compares the economic structure, development strategies adopted, history of reforms and economic outcomes of reforms. AND reveals the importance of deep, historically-rooted determinants of comparative economic development. Advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that migratory distance from the geographical origin of Homo sapiens in INDIAN Subcontinent & China, significantly affected the pattern of economic development across societies. In the course of advancing development" diffusion of humans into the Chinese counterpart, variation in migratory distance generated heterogeneity in the degree of intra-population genetic diversity, which, consistently with the economic trade-off associated with diversity, had a persistent non-monotonic effect on development outcomes in the post-Industrial Revolution era. The findings suggest that while the intermediate level of diversity prevalent among Indo-Pak & Chinese populations was conducive for development, the high degree of diversity among the trio of Asian populations and the low degree of diversity among Native counterpart of our baby Pakistan populations is a detrimental force in the historical development of these regions. Variations in the interplay between cultural assimilation and cultural diffusion played a significant role in the advent of divergence and overtaking in the process of development. Economic development of Societies of Indo Pak & China that were geographically less vulnerable to cultural diffusion, benefited from enhanced assimilation, lower cultural diversity and, thus, more intense accumulation of society-specific human capital, enabling them to flourish in the technological paradigm that characterized the agricultural stage of development. The lack of cultural diffusion and its manifestation in cultural rigidity, however, diminished the ability of these economies to adapt to a new technological paradigm, which delayed their industrialization and, thereby, their take-off to a state of sustained economic growth. Finally, the first cross-country empirical examination of the predictions of the influential Malthusian theory regarding population dynamics and income per capita stagnation in the post-Industrial Revolution/globalization era. Using exogenous sources of cross-country variations in land productivity and the timing of the liberalization era, the analysis demonstrates that, in accordance with the Malthusian theory, economy of these countries were characterized by higher land productivity and an earlier onset of agriculture had higher population densities. | Abstract: |
After independence India adopted mixed economics system. Public sector was assigned the responsibility of developing strong industrial base for economic development of the nation till 1990. We see that on account of development state of agriculture, industry and foreign trade, Indian economy could not perform according to our expectations. Initially public sector was given leading role in the development of industrial sector. We adopted the policy of protection for the development and protection of our domestic industries. We experienced that our industrial sector could not developed according to our expectations. That is why we thought about change our development strategy. We introduced new economic policy in 1991 which is also known as economic reforms. Under economic reforms, we adopted the policy of liberalization, prvatisation and globlisation. We noticed that after introduction of new economic reforms, Indian economy performed well in all respect.
China’s economy is socialistic economy. Similar to Indian economy, China’s economy also adopted the policy of nationalization. China’s economy nationalized their agriculture and industrial sector. But like India, China also realized that their economy could not produced the results according to their wish .That is why china’s economy also liberalized their economy. Commune land was given to individual cultivators and peoples ere encouraged to setup industries in their Backyard. After adaptation of economic reforms in late 1980’s China’s economy well. During last three decades China’s economy performed better than Indian and Pakistani economy.
As far as Pakistan is concerned, it also adopted mixed economic system. In the late 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework for growth of domestic industries. In the 1970’s capital goods industries were denationalized and encouragement was given to increase the role of private sector through various incentives.
Thus we see that all the three nations have the history of reforms in their economies due to depressing economic growth & development but after adoption of economic reforms China’s economy performed better than Indian economy and Pakistani economy. Performance of Indian economy can be said moderate but as far as concerned Pakistani’s economy it is behind the China’s and Indian economy in almost all economic aspects.
Development Experiences of India
Economy: After independence India has adopted the mixed economic system. The mixed economy is the mixed combination of capitalism and socialism where both private and public sectors co-exists. Therefore, in this economic system the market and the government answers the three question of what, how and for whom to produce. At the initial stage of development India has adopted the path of economic planning and active role of state in industrialisation.
Development Strategies of India
Economic planning – Economic planning is essentially a way of organising and utilising resources to the maximum advantage in terms of defined social ends.
Necessities and important of planning - When India became free it got a poor, backward and stagnant economy in legacy. Experiences the world over suggested that the market forces work inadequate, insufficient and incapable of meeting the challenges and problems of Indian economy. It was thus realised that the solution of problem would require an active role of the government in economic development. It was from this view point that independent India chose the path of economic planning for its development. Importance of economic planning is as under:
(i) To break the vicious circle of poverty – We know that India was entangled in a vicious circle of poverty and stagnation at the time of independence. This vicious circle can be broken only through centralized planning.
(ii) Priority to Social interest – Private entrepreneurs give more importance to individual interest than social interest. It is through economic planning that we can compel individual’s interest also work under social interest.
(iii) Fair balance between present and future – Private entrepreneurs interested in profits in the short run are generally apt to ignore future interest of the community. Therefore, it becomes more essential for the government to strike a fair balance between the claims of present and future generation through planning.
(iv) Optimum utilization of resources – Optimum utilization of all available resources is the requirement for the rapid development of the economy. This can easily be done by adopting and implementing the process of economic planning.
(v) To build Social and Economic Infrastructure – Private enterprises are not much interested in undertaking those types of investments which are not profit making directly and immediately. But buildings of these infrastructural facilities are essential for the development of the country. That is why this work is undertaken by the government through planning.
(vi) To increase Capital Formation – Being an underdevelopment economy at the time of independence, India’s economy had a very low level of saving, investment and capital formation. Since capital formation and mobilization of savings require deliberate state attempts via planning process, India preferred to adopt economic planning.
(vii) The success of Economic Planning in the USSR – The initial success of economic planning in the USSR also played an important part in adopting and popularizing the concept of planning in India.
(viii) Other Reasons – Removing economic inequalities, controlling economic fluctuations and other such reasons also prompted our leaders to adopt the path of economic planning in India.
Planning Commission
Immediately after the adaptation of new constitution on January 26, 1950, the planning commission came in to existence. Planning commission is a constitutional body. Prime minister is ex-officio chairman of this commission. The broad functions of planning commission are:
(i) assessment of material, capital and human resources,
(ii) formulation of plan for their most effective and balance utilization,
(iii) Determination of priorities and allocation of resources etc.
Chronology of different five year plans:
Plan Time Period
1st Plan 1951-1956
2nd Plan 1956-1961
3rd Plan 1961-1966
Three one year Plan 1966-1969 (It is also known as plan holiday)
4th Plan 1969-1974
5th Plan 1974-1979
One year Plan 1979-1980
6th Plan 1980-1985
7th Plan 1985-1990
One year Plan 1990-1992
8th Plan 1992-1997
9th Plan 1997-2002
10th Plan 2002-2007
11th Plan 2007-2012
Goals of Five Year Plans
Situations and circumstances have been different during different five year plans. Hence development goals have varied from plan to plan, depending upon the immediate problems and situations faced during each plan. However the common goals of economic planning of India are as follows:
(i) Economic growth - The high rate of growth by raising GDP and per capita GDP has been the first and foremost goal of all the plans in the country .Economic growth refers to the growth of countries production as well as productivity.
(ii) Equity - The directive principles of our constitution have proclaimed justice as a basic national commitment. Hence one of the objectives of economic planning is to ensure economic and social justice. This objectives has three dimension-
a) Deduction in economic inequality.
b) Curving concentration of economic power
c) Uplifting the weaker section of the society
(iii) Self Reliance - In early stage of development of the country is forced to depend upon foreign aid. Self-reliance implies avoiding dependents on import of those goods which could be produced in the country itself. The goal of self-reliance was emphasized in order to reduce a dependent on foreign country. This objective has many aspects such as expansion of exports, substitutions of imports, self-reliance in food grains, defense equipment and capital goods.
(iv) Modernisation - Modernisation refers to adoption of new technology in the field of production and change in social outlook.
Role of state in India’s industrial development
Leading role to public sector – Considering the demand of the situation in the post-independence year public sector was assigned a greater role in the industrial development of an economy. Development of heavy and basic industries is very essential for creating strong industrial based in the country. Heavy industries require high investment and they have long gestation period but low profitability. Hence these industries do not find favour with the private sector. Thus public sector has to play leading role in the industrial development. Besides this, public sector can also help in the redistribution of income and prevention of concentration of economic power. It can also help to ensure balanced regional growth.
History of reforms: After four decades of development planning Indian economy was stagnant and sick economy under the vicious circle of poverty unemployment, inflation, lack of money, death and global imbalances, balance of payment disequilibrium. Thus Indian economic scenario in 1991 was very much depressing as the economy was on the bunk of the collapse. Inflation was out of control. Exports were declining foreign exchange reserve had decline to no more than two weeks import and industry was virtually crippled.
Meaning and objectives of Economic Reforms – After the four decades of economics planning it was realized that many of the control and regulation on economic activity had lost their usefulness and worked infect rather than helping, growth and development. Therefore it was needed to give the highest priority to restore macroeconomic stability and to bring the economy back to a part of rapid and equitable economic growth.
A set of stabilization and structural adjustment measure started since July 1991, in response to the emerging crisis is termed as new economic policy or new economic reforms.
Broad directions of New Economic Policy:
(i) Reducing the extent of government controls over various aspects of the domestic economy.
(ii) Increasing the role of private sector.
(iii) Redirecting scare public sector resources to areas where the private sector is unlikely to enter
(iv) Opening up of the economy to trade and foreign investments and thus integrating it with the global economy.
New economic policy can be classified into two main groups – stabilization measure and structural reform measure. Stabilization measure refers to the policies intended to restore viability to the balance of payment to bring inflation under control. On the other hand, structural reform policies were long termed measure aimed at improving the efficiency of the economy and increasing its international competitiveness.
LIBERALISATION
Meaning: An economic policy which gives relaxations to enable entrepreneurs to make their decisions themselves and open freedom to economic activities at all levels is termed as policy of economic liberalization.
Objectives of liberalization - The main objectives of liberalization are as follows –
(i) To lower the Indian industries from needless and useless controls.
(ii) To release the growth promoting entrepreneurs energies.
(iii) To provide the right full control for market mechanism.
(iv) To get it off costly.
(v) To produce variety of goods.
(vi) To upgrade technology.
(vii) To develop international competitiveness
Area of liberalization
1. Industry policy reforms – In post-independence India were raised tariff walls to protect our industrial development and raised subsidies. We also control the old private sector with device of licensing system. Thus industry operated within the complex system of controls and regulations India had become a high cost economy and couldn’t stand global competition. Hence, India had to adopt Industrial reforms. The main industrial reforms are as follows-
(i) Reduction in industrial licensing.
(ii) The reservation industries for public sector.
(iii) Reforms in small scale industries-Many goods produced by small scale sector have now been reserved.
2. Financial sector reforms - The main financial sector is as follows:
(i) It includes reforms in the field of financial institution such as commercial, investment banks, stock exchange operation and foreign exchange market.
(ii) Movement to market determines interest rate structure.
(iii) Capital market development promotion of stock exchanging
(iv) Reduction in the statutory liquidity ratio.
(v) Increase in the foreign investment limit in banks up to 50%.
(vi) Foreign institutional investors such as merchant bankers, mutual funds to be allowed to invest in Indian financial market.
3. Trade policy reforms – The main aim of new trade policy were to create a free environment for trade to improve efficiency and sharpen India’s competitiveness in the world market. In this following measures are adopted-
(i) Abolition of import licensing system. Except in case of hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries.
(ii) Removal of quantitative restrictions on imports.
(iii) Reduction in tariff rates.
(iv) Strengthening the export promotion structure.
4. Foreign exchange reforms - In order to overcome balance of payment crisis an important measure that was adopted was devaluation of Rupee. Convertibility of rupee on the current account, and a rapid build-up of foreign exchange reserves were initiated. A number of restrictions on foreign investment and foreign technology have been withdrawn.
5. Tax Reforms – Reforms in the field of taxation and public expenditure were also initiated. Main tax reforms are :
(i) Reduction in the rates of income tax and corporate tax so that tax evasion could be reduced.
(ii) Reforms are also made in indirect taxes so that common national market of goods and services can be established.
(iii) Simplification of tax structure.
PRIVATISATION
Meaning: - “It may be defined as transfer of ownership and control from public sector to private sector”. It can take place in two ways -
1. Transfer of ownership and management of public enterprise to the private sector.
2. Sale of all or some of the assets of the public sector enterprise.
A large portion of public sector enterprises have been privatized through policy of disinvestment. The sale of the shares of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) to the public is known as disinvestment.
Policy of NAVARATANAS - The government has decided to give special treatment to some of the important profit making public sector undertakings and they were given the status of Navaratans. The Navaratans were granted financial and operational autonomy in the working of the companies.
GLOBLISATION
Meaning: Globalization means the integration of economy worldwide through trade, financial flows, and technology spillover and information networks.
Globalization refers to the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the cross border transaction in goods and services and international capital flows and also through the more rapid and wide spread diffusion of technology.
In short globalization means the unification of integration of domestic economy with the rest of the world through trade capital and technology flows.
Components of Globalization –
- Reduction of trade barriers so as to permit free flow of goods that flows national; frontier.
- Free of capital among nation states that means no restriction on foreign investment.
- Free flow of technology
- Free movement of labour among different countries of the world.
Out Sourcing - Out Sourcing implies obtaining goods and services by contract from outside source especially with the growth of information technology. Out Sourcing has acquired an international dimensions and it has intensified in recent time. The main services which are being Out Sourced from India by developed countries are voice based business (process known as BPO), banking services, railway enquiry, record keeping, accountancy, music recording, bank transactions, chemical advices and teaching etc. the cost for these services in developing countries are much less than in the developed countries. Therefore it is more profitable for developed countries to contract these services from developing countries like India. India has become an important destination for global outsourcing because of low wage rates and availability of vast skilled manpower.
Development Experiences of China
Economy: China is the second largest economy of the world. After the establishment of People’s Republic of China under one party rule, all the critical sectors of the economy, enterprises and lands owned and operated by individuals, were brought under government control.
Development Strategies of China:
1. A programme named ‘The Great Leap Forward’ campaign was initiated in 1958, which aimed at industrializing the country on a massive scale. Under this programme, people were encouraged to set up industries in their backyard.
2. In 1965, Mao introduced the Grate Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-76), under which students and professionals were sent to work and learn from the countryside.
3. In rural areas, communes were started, under which people collectively cultivated lands.
History of Reforms: The present day fast industrial growth in China can be traced back to the reforms introduced in phases in 1978. In the initial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors. In agriculture, commune lands were divided into small plots which were allocated for use to individual households. They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes.
In the later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. Private firms were allowed to produce goods. As a result public sector enterprises (PSUs) had to face competition from such private sector. The reform process also involved dual pricing, under which farmers and industrial units had to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs at price fixed by the government and rest were purchased and sold at market prices. In order to attract foreign investors, special economic zones (SEZs) were set up.
In June 1990 the People Republic of China / PRC government opened the Pudong New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment, and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghai's Pudong New Area as its "dragon head."Since 1992, the State Council has opened a number of border cities, and in addition, opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions.
In addition, 15 free trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of "windows" in developing the foreign-oriented economy, generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of "radiators" in accelerating inland economic development.
Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade, and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems. In 1999, Shenzhen's new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects, and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 81.98 billion yuan, making up 40.5% of the city's total industrial output value.
Since its founding in 1992, the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries. In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a stock exchange, expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in RMB business.
In 1999, the GDP of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value, 145 billion yuan.
In May 2010, the PRC designated the city of Kashgar in Xinjiang a SEZ. Kashgar's annual growth rate was 17.4 percent from 2009, and Kashgar's designation has since increased tourism and real estate prices in the city. Kashgar is close to China's border with the independent states of former Soviet Central Asia and the SEZ seeks to capitalize on international trade links between China and those states.
Development Experiences of Pakistan
Economy: Pakistan followed the mixed economic system with co-existence of public and private sectors. In the late 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework for growth of domestic industries. In the case of agriculture, the introduction of Green Revolution and increase in public investment led to rise in the production of food grains.
In the 1970s, capital goods industries were nationalized. But in the late 1970s, these industries were again denationalized. In the late 1970s and 1980s, encouragement was given to increase the role of private sector through various incentives. During this period, Pakistan also received financial support from western nations, which helped the country in motivating economic growth.
Since the beginning of 2008, Pakistan's economic outlook has taken stagnation. Security concerns stemming from the nation's role in the War on Terror have created great instability and led to a decline in FDI from a height of approximately $8 bn to $3.5bn for the current fiscal year. Concurrently, the insurgency has forced massive capital flight from Pakistan to the Gulf. Combined with high global commodity prices, the dual impact has shocked Pakistan's economy, with gaping trade deficits, high inflation and a crash in the value of the Rupee, which has fallen from 60-1 USD to over 80-1 USD in a few months. For the first time in years, it may have to seek external funding as Balance of Payments support. Consequently, S&P lowered Pakistan’s foreign currency debt rating to CCC-plus from B, just several notches above a level that would indicate default. Pakistan’s local currency debt rating was lowered to B-minus from BB-minus. Credit agency Moody’s Investors Service cut its outlook on Pakistan’s debt to negative from stable due to political uncertainty, though it maintained the country’s rating at B2.The cost of protection against a default in Pakistan’s sovereign debt trades at 1,800 basis points, according to its five year credit default swap, a level that indicates investors believe the country is already in or will soon be in default. The middle term however may be less turbulent, depending on the political environment. The EIU estimates that inflation should drop back to single digits in 2010, and that growth should pick up to over 5% per annum by 2011. Although less than the previous 5 year average of 7%, it would represent an overcoming of the present crisis wherein growth is a mere 3.5-4%
Economic comparison of Pakistan
Since 2009 onwards Pakistan is facing economic crisis due to ITS ISI /TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS & Curtail of
Resources & aid by peace loving countries.
| Year | Gross Domestic Product | US Dollar Exchange | Inflation Index (2000=100) | Per Capita Income (as % of USA) |
| 1960 | 20,058 | 4.76 Pakistani Rupees | 3.37 | |
| 1965 | 31,740 | 4.76 Pakistani Rupees | 3.40 | |
| 1970 | 51,355 | 4.76 Pakistani Rupees | 3.26 | |
| 1975 | 131,330 | 9.91 Pakistani Rupees | 2.36 | |
| 1978 | 283,460 | 9.97 Pakistani Rupees | 21 | 2.83 |
| 1985 | 569,114 | 16.28 Pakistani Rupees | 30 | 2.07 |
| 1990 | 1,029,093 | 21.41 Pakistani Rupees | 41 | 1.92 |
| 1995 | 2,268,461 | 30.62 Pakistani Rupees | 68 | 2.16 |
| 2000 | 3,826,111 | 51.64 Pakistani Rupees | 100 | 1.54 |
| 2005 | 6,581,103 | 59.86 Pakistani Rupees | 126 | 1.71 |
| Indicator | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| GDP | $ 75 billion | $ 160 billion | $ 170 billion | $ 185 billion |
| GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) | $ 270 billion | $ 475.5 billion | $ 504 billion | $ 545.6 billion |
| GDP per Capita Income | $ 450 | $ 925 | $1085 | $1250 |
| Revenue collection | Rs. 305 billion | Rs. 708 billion | Rs. 990 billion | Rs. 1.05 trillion |
| Foreign reserves | $ 1.96 billion | $ 16.4 billion | $ 8.89 billion | $ 14 billion |
| Exports | $ 7.5 billion | $ 18.5 billion | $ 19.22 billion | $ 18.45 billion |
| Textile Exports | $ 5.5 billion | $ 11.2 billion | - | - |
| KHI stock exchange (100-Index) | $ 5 billion at 700 points | $ 75 billion at 14,000 points | $ 46 billion at 9,300 points | $ 26.5 billion at 9,000 points |
| Foreign Direct Investment | $ 1 billion | $ 8.4 billion | $ 5.19 billion | $ 4.6 billion |
| External Debt & Liabilities | $ 39 billion | $ 40.17 billion | $ 45.9 billion | $ 50.1 billion |
| Poverty level | 34% | 24% | - | - |
| Literacy rate | 45% | 53% | - | - |
| Development programs | Rs. 80 billion | Rs. 520 billion | Rs. 549.7 billion | Rs. 621 billion |
Comparative Study of Indo- Pak- China
- Demographic Indicators:
(iv) Population – China is the most populated country in the world with 1,303.7 million people and India is the second most populated country with 1,103.6 million people. As compared to China and India, population of Pakistan is very less (162.4 million people)
(v) Growth Rate of Population – Though China is the most populated country, but its annual growth rate of population is lowest (1%) as compared to India (1.7%) and Pakistan (2.5%)
(vi) Density of Population – Density of population of China is the lowest (138 persons per sq. km) as compared to India (358 persons per sq. km) and Pakistan (193 persons per sq. km).
(vii) Sex Ratio – due to preference of son, sex ratio is low and biased against females in all the three countries. Sex ratio is lowest in Pakistan with 922 females per 1,000 males. In India and China, the corresponding figures are 933 and 937.
(viii) Fertility Rate – Fertility Rate is calculated as the number of children borne by a woman in the reproductive age (15-45 years) on an average. The fertility rate in China has fallen from over 3 births per women in 1980 to approximately 1.8 births. Fertility rate is highest in Pakistan at 5.1 births per women and India comes second with 3 births per women.
(ix) Urbanization – Urbanisaion is high in both Pakistan (33.4%) and China (36.1%). In India, only 28% of its people live in urban areas.
2. Growth Indicators:
(i) Growth Rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – China with second largest GDP, as measured purchasing power parity (PPP), is estimated to be of $7.2 trillion. India’s GDP at (PPP) is $ 3.3 trillion and Pakistan’s GDP is roughly about 10 % of India’s GDP.
In 1980s, China was having double-digit growth rate of 10.3%, while for Pakistan’s and India; the corresponding figures were 6.3% and 5.7%. In 1990s, China was having growth rate of 9.7%, while for Pakistan’s and India; the corresponding figures were 3.6% and 5.8%.
(ii) Sectoral Contribution – The sectoral contribution in GDP in all the three countries in 2003 were as follows:
| Sector | Contribution to GDP (2003) | ||
| India | China | Pakistan | |
| Agriculture Industry Service | 23 26 51 | 15 53 32 | 23 23 54 |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 |
3. Human Development Indicators – Human development index (HDI) is an important indicator to study human development. Higher value of HDI shows higher level of growth and development of a country. In 2003, HDI for India, China and Pakistan was estimated to be 0.602, 0.755 and 0.527 respectively. Some selected indicators of HDI for comparison are as follows:
(i) Life Expectancy at Birth – Life expectancy to the average number of years for which people are expected to live. China has the highest life expectancy of 71.6 years. India and Pakistan have the life expectancy of 63.3 and 63 years respectively.
(ii) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – Infant Mortality Rate refers to number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year. IMR is lowest in China with 30 infants and highest in Pakistan with 81 infants. IMR in India is 63.
(iii) Adult Literacy Rate – Adult literacy rate refers to the ratio of literate adult population to the total adult population in a country. It is 90.0 % in China, 61 % in India and 48.7 % in Pakistan.
(iv) People Below Poverty Line – In Pakistan and China, people below poverty line are 13.4 % and 16.6 % respectively. Where as in India it is 26 % in 2000.
(v) Maternal Mortality Rate – In China, for one lakh births, only 50 women die, where as in India and Pakistan, maternal mortality rate is 540 and 500 respectively.
(vi) GDP per Capita – In 2003, China’s GDP per capita was estimated to be US $5003, while it was just US $2892 for India and US $2097 for Pakistan.
Similarities of Development Path of Indo- Pak- China
1. All the three nations started their development path at the same time. India and Pakistan got independence in 1947 and People’s Republic of China was established in 1949.
2. All the three countries had started planning their development strategies in similar ways. India announced its first five year plan 1951, Pakistan announced in 1956 and China in 1953.
3. India and Pakistan adopted similar strategies, such as creating a large public sector and raising public expenditure on social development.
4. Till 1980s, all the three countries had similar growth rates and per capita income.
Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that these three countries have had more than five decades of development planning. The results have been different for all of them. They had almost similar level of development till the late 70’s. But during the last three decades, the results have been quite different. India is a democratic country with very strong institutional organs. Its performance can be called moderate.
So far as Pakistan is concerned, scholars point out various problems like political instability, dependence on foreign remittances and huge foreign aid, particularly from USA. Agriculture sector does not perform consistently. All these reasons account for the slow-down of the Pakistan economy.
China is widely seen as a country without political freedom. Its human rights record is not that straight. But in the last three decades, it has adapted itself to the market economy without much compromising its political standpoint. It has succeeded in raising the level of growth and removing poverty. Whereas India and Pakistan have tried to privatize their public sector enterprises, china has gone in its own way to create more social and economic opportunities. It tried to provide social security in the villages. It has focused on providing social infrastructure before initiating reforms. This approach has shown positive results which are also reflected in the human development indicators.
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